Abstract
The main aim of the study was to identify and describe methods using non-ionizing radiation (NIR) such as electromagnetic fields (EMF) and optical radiation in Swedish health care. By examining anticipated exposure levels and by identifying possible health hazards we also aimed to recognize knowledge gaps in the field. NIR is mainly used in health care for diagnosis and therapy. Three applications were identified where acute effects cannot be ruled out: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electrosurgery. When using optical radiation, such as class 3 and 4 lasers for therapy or surgical procedures and ultra-violet light for therapy, acute effects such as unintentional burns, photo reactions, erythema and effects on the eyes need to be avoided. There is a need for more knowledge regarding long-term effects of MRI as well as on the combination of different NIR exposures. Based on literature and after consulting staff we conclude that the health care professionals’ knowledge about the risks and safety measures should be improved and that there is a need for clear, evidence-based information from reliable sources, and it should be obvious to the user which source to address.
Highlights
Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) is used extensively in health care in applications such as for instance ultrasound imaging, laser surgery, and UV light treatments that have been used for a long time and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression therapy as examples of more recently introduced applications
We recruited a reference group of biomedical engineers at Västerbotten County Council (VCC), who have the responsibility for customer support, product service and maintenance with respect to all equipment listed in the inventory and, could help us identify applications using NIR
We have identified the following applications where the exposure levels are high and acute effects for patients are possible: TMS, MRI, Electrosurgical units (ESUs), UV treatments, laser therapy and harmonic scalpels in surgery
Summary
Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) is used extensively in health care in applications such as for instance ultrasound imaging, laser surgery, and UV light treatments that have been used for a long time and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for depression therapy as examples of more recently introduced applications. This document covers the use and safety of non-ionizing radiation in health care. NIR refers to electromagnetic radiation with frequencies from 0 Hz up to 1.1 THz, including ultraviolet, light, infrared, and radio waves, and mechanical waves such as ultrasound. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection has recently published a statement on diagnostic devices using. NIR is situated below the ionizing radiation band that includes x-rays. The study was done as an assignment with the Swedish Radiation
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