Non‐Invasive Diabetes Detection Through Human Breath Using Hybrid Octave‐ CenterNet Neural Network With DenseNet ‐77 Model

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with defects in insulin secretion and insulin action, and women with a history of GDM carry a high risk for the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Assessment of subjects with a history of GDM who are currently normoglycemic should help elucidate some of the underlying defects in insulin secretion or action in the evolution of NIDDM. We have studied 14 women with normal oral glucose tolerance who had a history of GDM. They were compared with a group of control subjects who were matched for both body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). All subjects underwent tests for the determination of oral glucose tolerance, ultradian oscillations in insulin secretion during a 28-h glucose infusion, insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose, glucose disappearance after intravenous glucose (Kg), and insulin sensitivity (SI) as measured by the Bergman minimal model method. The BMI in the post-GDM women was similar to that in the control subjects (24.9 +/- 1.2 vs. 25.4 +/- 1.4 kg/m2, respectively), as was the WHR ratio (0.80 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.76 +/- 0.01, respectively). The post-GDM women were slightly older (35.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 32.1 +/- 1.4 years, P = 0.04). The fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the post-GDM group than in the control group (4.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.4 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, respectively, P < 0.001) and remained higher at each of the subsequent determinations during the oral glucose tolerance test, although none had a result indicative of either diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism that are found in diabetes are due to deficient action of insulin on target tissues. If ketones are present in blood or urine, treatment is urgent, because ketoacidosis can evolve rapidly.

Diabetes mellitus has become a serious and chronic metabolic disorder that results from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The patient of diabetes had polyuria (passing excessive urine) Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. Diabetes is a chronic disease marked by high level of sugar in the blood. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism resulting from the defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. More than 300 million individuals worldwide are affected by this condition, and the number is growing rapidly because current medical technology has no permanent cure Homoeopathy is one such area of medicine that has had some success in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. Diabetes is a chronic disease marked by high level of sugar in the blood Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism resulting from the defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. There are two major types of diabetes that is Type 1 DM, Type 2 DM. other types are Homoeopathy uses natural materials such as plants, animals, minerals to prepare medicines from. Plants form a major portion of homoeopathic medicines. Plants such as Syzygiumjambolanum, Gymnemasylvestre, etc. have long been used to treat diabetes traditionally as well as in homoeopathy. These plants act in reducing the blood glucose level.

Tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus: objetivos generales y manejo en la práctica clínica

The aim of this study was to investigate insulin sensitivity and secretion in lean and obese Asian (Thai) type 2 diabetic patients. Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion was assessed with the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic (80 mU/m(2) per min) and hyperglycemic clamp technique in 9 lean and 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes and 4 lean and 4 obese nondiabetic control subjects. Obese type 2 diabetics had a lower M-value (sensitivity to exogenous insulin) than lean type 2 diabetics (8.7 +/- 1.3 versus 16.5 +/- 1.6 mg . fat free mass kg(-1) . min(-1), P < 0.001) and obese control subjects (15.9 +/- 4.0 mg . fat free mass kg(-1) . min(-1), P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity (M-value) was similar in lean type 2 diabetics as compared to lean nondiabetic control subjects. During the hyperglycemic clamp, the first (P < 0.001) and second phase (P < 0.02) of insulin and C-peptide response (P < 0.02) was significantly decreased in lean type 2 diabetics as compared to lean nondiabetic subjects. In obese type 2 diabetics, the first and second phase of insulin response was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to obese nondiabetic subjects. Obese type 2 diabetics have significant defects in both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion whereas lean type 2 diabetics demonstrate primarily a defect in insulin secretion. Lean diabetics have similar insulin sensitivity when compared to healthy age- and sex-matched nondiabetic subjects during the euglycemic clamp study, suggesting the lack of significant insulin resistance in lean type 2 diabetics.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by defects in insulin action and insulin secretion. Although insulin resistance manifests early during the prediabetic state, a failing beta-cell function unable to overcome insulin resistance at target tissues determines the onset of T2DM. This review focuses on recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired regulation of the enteroinsular axis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress are currently the subjects of intensive research. In addition, the adipose tissue has emerged as a major endocrine organ that secretes a growing list of adipocytokines with diverse central and peripheral metabolic effects. The role of a growing number of candidate genes and transcription factors regulating insulin action and secretion is also discussed.

31 - Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes is caused by defects in both insulin signaling and insulin secretion. Though the role of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes remains largely unexplored, the few examples present in the literature are interesting and suggest targets for drug development. Studies indicate that insulin resistance can be induced by stimulating the degradation of important molecules in the insulin signaling pathway, in particular the insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1, IRS2 and the kinase AKT1 (Akt). In addition, a defect in insulin secretion could occur due to UPS-mediated degradation of IRS2 in the β-cells of the pancreas. The UPS also appears to be involved in regulating lipid synthesis in adipocytes and lipid production by the liver and could influence the development of obesity. Other possible mechanisms for inducing defects in insulin signaling and secretion remain to be explored, including the role of ubiquitylation in insulin receptor internalization and trafficking.Republished from Current BioData's Targeted Proteins database (TPdb; ).

Diurnal variation, an outgrowth of chronobiology, is the inferential statistical mapping of structures in variables; in and around us, consisting of rhythms chaos and trends. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The diurnal time structure of serum 25(OH) D3 and calcium may relate to the prevention and chronotherapeutic efficacy and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To our knowledge, the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 has not yet been reported in type 2 diabetic patients. The present study was planned to evaluate the diurnal variation of serum 25(OH) D3 , calcium and phosphorus levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Ten clinically healthy volunteers and ten diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of similar age groups were synchronized for one month with diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. All subjects took their meals three times daily without any change in their usual fluid intake. Blood sample were collected into plain and sterile vials under quality control procedures from each participant at every 6 hour. Serum 25(OH) D3 , serum Ca++, serum PO4 , FBS and PPBS levels were estimated. A marked diurnal variation in serum 25(OH) D3 was recorded in healthy subjects (P=0.030). Similarly, a circadian rhythm of borderline statistical significance was also recorded for vitamin D in diabetic patients (P=0.083) and in healthy participants for serum calcium (P=0.070), phosphorus (P=0.102), and the calcium-phosphorus ratio (P=0.091) by the Two way ANOVA analysis. In addition, the amplitude and acrophase differed from healthy participants in diabetic patients for studied variables with a change of MESOR for calcium-phosphorus ratio. Mapping the broader time structure of different physiological variables investigated herein may be helpful in understanding the treatment and prevention of diabetic mellitus.&#x0D; Key words: Serum 25(OH) D3 , Calcium, Phosphorous, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes results from defects in both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Elevated cholesterol content within pancreatic β-cells has been shown to reduce β-cell function and increase β-cell apoptosis. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia contribute to glucolipotoxicity that leads to type 2 diabetes. Here we examined the capacity of glucolipotoxicity to induce free cholesterol accumulation in human pancreatic islets and the INS-1 insulinoma cell line. Glucolipotoxicity treatment increased free cholesterol in β-cells, which was accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased insulin secretion. Addition of AAPH, a free radical generator, was able to increase filipin staining indicating a link between ROS production and increased cholesterol in β-cells. We also showed the ability of stigmasterol, a common food-derived phytosterol with anti-atherosclerotic potential, to prevent the increase in both free cholesterol and ROS levels induced by glucolipotoxicity in INS-1 cells. Stigmasterol addition also inhibited early apoptosis, increased total insulin, promoted actin reorganization, and improved insulin secretion in cells exposed to glucolipotoxicity. Overall, these data indicate cholesterol accumulation as an underlying mechanism for glucolipotoxicity-induced defects in insulin secretion and stigmasterol treatment as a potential strategy to protect β-cell function during diabetes progression.

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetic ketoacidosis is one of the life-threatening complications in diabetic individuals with, high morbidity and mortality globally. However, the data related to the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic ketoacidosis are limited in the study setting. To assess the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis and its associated factors among diabetic mellitus patients at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to September 30, 2021. A total of 405 diabetic patients aged 20 and above were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. A total of 810 blood and urine samples (each 405) were collected using sterile serum separator tubes and urine collection cups, respectively. Sociodemographic and clinical data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Chemical analysis of urine was done using urine reagent strips to determine urine ketone bodies and PH. BECKMAN COULTER DxC700 AU clinical chemistry analyzer instrument was used to determine electrolytes and metabolites. The data was entered using Epi-Data version 4.6 and transferred to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with the diabetic ketoacidosis. The results were considered statistically significant if the adjusted odds ratio was reported with a 95% confidence interval and a P-value below 0.05. The overall prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis among diabetic patients was 35/405 (8.6%, 95% CI: 6.0-11.0%). Of these cases, 25 (71.4%) had type 1 diabetes mellitus, while 10 (28.6%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Statistically significant factors associated with diabetic ketoacidosis included being a young adult aged 20-29 years (AOR = 2.262; 95% CI = 1.090-4.758; P = 0.013), unemployment (AOR = 2.578; 95% CI = 1.457-6.113; P = 0.017), the presence of infection (AOR = 2.819; 95% CI = 1.138-8.428; P = 0.024), and being T1DM (AOR = 3.106; 95% CI = 1.150-7.273; P = 0.003). The prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis among follow-up diabetes patients in this study was high, particularly among those aged 20-29 years, unemployed, or with infections. Increased vigilance, regular monitoring, timely infection management, and comprehensive diabetes education are essential for early detection and prevention of DKA. Social and financial support for unemployed diabetic patients can further enhance access to care and reduce DKA risk.

In 1815,the French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul(1786-1889) discovered that the sweetness in the urine of diabetics comes from grape sugar or D-glucose.Diabetes mellitus(DM) is considered as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia(high concentration of blood D-glucose) resulting from defects in insulin secretion,insulin action,or both.On the other hand,D-ribose as an energetic enhancer was found to decrease the concentration of blood D-glucose,and thus "Oral administration of D-ribose in diabetes mellitus" was ever described by Steinberg and colleagues(1970).As described previously in this laboratory,D-ribose rapidly glycates proteins,such as BSA,neuronal Tau and α-synuclein,producing advanced glycation end products(AGEs) with severe cyt o toxicity,leading to dysfunction and cell death,in vitro and in vivo.Intraperitoneal injection of D-ribose into mice significantly increases their glycated serum protein and blood AGEs though the concentration of D-glucose became slightly decreased,suggesting that D-ribose is much easier to produce AGEs than D-glucose in vivo.Here,using 4-(3-Methyl-5-oxo-2-pyrazolin-1-yl) benzoic acid(MOPBA) coupled with HPLC,we determined the concentration of uric D-ribose of type 2 diabetic patients(n=30) and the age-matched healthy controls(n=30).The results show that the yield of the derivative of MOPBA-ribose is linearly correlated with the concentration of D-ribose(r2=0.999) with a recovery of 99%.The isolated fractions of D-ribose and D-glucose from urine of type 2 diabetic patients through HPLC were analyzed by mass spectrometry,and the results showed that the fractions contained 569.19 u compound(C27 H29 N4 O10,D-ribose),and 599.20 u compound(C28 H31 N4 O11,D-glucose) respectively.The concentration of uric D-ribose of Type 2 diabetics(male(134.28±35.09) μmol/L,female(97.33± 23.68) μmol/L) was significantly(P 0.001) higher than that of the age-matched healthy control(male(35.99 ± 5.64) μmol/L,female(33.72 ±6.27) μmol/L).Under the experimental conditions,the uric D-glucose level of the patients was also markedly(P 0.001) higher than the control.Further analyses showed a marked increase in the level of uric D-ribose from either male(P 0.001) or female(P 0.001),but a significant difference of the uric levels between male and female could not be observed(P 0.05).The high levels of uric D-ribose and D-glucose of the patients suggest that type 2 diabetic patients are not only suffered from D-glucose metabolism disorders,but also from D-ribose metabolism disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorder which is characterized by increase blood glucose level resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Worldwide With an increasing incidence of DM may be a likely leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the future[i]. It is well known that dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for macrovascular complications with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which affects 10%-73% of this population. It is well known that dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for macrovascular complications with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which affects 10%-73% of this population. Dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are results of Insulin resistance and obesity combine cause and have additive cardiovascular risk. Therefore identification, critical evaluation and follow-up of serum lipid profile is important in DM continuously. One of the study showed that prevalence of dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus is 95%. Major risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease is dyslipidemia. In DM patients cardiovascular disease is a cause of morbidity and mortality because of disturbance in lipoproteins i.e. serum triglycerides (TC) 69%, serum cholesterol 56.6%, Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) 77% and High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) 71%.&#x0D; AIM: The main aim of this study is to know the lipid profile in Diabetics mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total 100 patients with DM were included in this study during the period of 1 year. During the study period 100 normal healthy people without DM were also included as control study. From all the patients detail histories were taken as well as relevant clinical examination with routine investigations were also done. All the patients were for at least 12-14 hours overnight fasting and 5ml venous blood was collected in a disposable syringe on next morning (before breakfast) for the serum lipid profile and fasting blood sugar.&#x0D; RESULT: In this study out of 100 diabetic patients 48 (48%) were males and 52 (52%) were females. 70% of DM patients showed high serum cholesterol level and all persons had normal serum cholesterol level in control group. 75% of DM patients showed high serum triglyceride level (&gt;150mg/dl). 39% of DM patients showed Serum LDL level was high (&gt;160 mg/dl). 85% of DM patients showed low (&lt;40 mg/dl) serum HDL value.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: In DM patients lipid abnormalities in diabetes are raised serum cholesterol, raised triglycerides, and raised serum LDL and low serum HDL. Therefore there is important impact of dyslipidemia on cardio vascular complications required complete attention throughout the course of disease. Hence early screening of diabetic patients for dyslipidemia and intervention is necessary to minimize the risk of cardiovascular diseases.&#x0D; KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, cholesterol, triglyceride&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Diabetes: facts and figures [Internet]. International Diabetes Federation. [cited 2016Jul14].&#x0D;

Pathophysiology of insulin secretion

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disease characterized by increase blood glucose level resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross sectional case control study.100 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls were taken. Lipid profile were done in cases and controls using appropriate tests.&#x0D; Results: Mean age in diabetic patients was 48.23± 9.24 years and control patients was 47.28± 9.84 years and age range was 20-70 years. The FBS levels in all the diabetics were significant (p&lt;0.05) as compare to control. There was significant difference in mean HDL, Triglycerides level in diabetic and control patients (p&lt;0.05) There was no significant difference in LDL, Cholesterol level in Diabetic and control patients (p&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: We conclude that there is a high prevalence of elevated lipid and lipoprotein levels among the diabetic patients showing that they are more prone to these abnormalities,&#x0D; Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus -2, Cholesterol, Lipid Profile