Abstract
Animals immunized with specific antibodies - idiotypes - produce anti-antibodies, some of them directed to the idiotypic antigen-binding sites, i.e., the paratopes [1,2]. When the paratopes of one idiotype ligate B-cell receptors, they elicit anti-idiotypes and in a subsequent round anti-anti-idiotypes that might resemble the first idiotypes [3]. With this rationale, anti-idiotypic paratopes were propounded as substitutes for pathogen epitopes in immunization. The aim is to elicit anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the idiotype in anti-microbial effects [4], e.g., neutralization of virus infectivity [5].
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