Non-affirmative education and Bildung: Emerging perspectives by renewing the European tradition

T he modem teaching of language as a cultural and social phenomenon goes back directly to the European linguistic tradition. This tradition was finally shaped in the Hellenistic era in the city of Alexandria. However, other traditions have formed at different times in the world. Among them the Indian, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, which share many common features. With the exception of the European linguistic tradition, they all had a common starting point. According to it, the «real» language has always been one (the idea of comparing languages has not been developed). This language does not change, although it can be corrupted. Its study is necessary for practical needs, in the first instance, to establish the norms. For a long time, the European tradition was not the most developed. In comparison, Indian and Arabic phonetics were much more detailed. Besides, in the European tradition there were there no complete dictionaries. The grammar dealt with only one category, i.e. the word. However, starting from 13 th to 18 th cent., the linguistic tradition in Europe underwent three major radical changes. In the 13 th -14 th centuries the modistae school began to compose philosophical grammars that did not aim any practical needs. In the 16 th - 17 th cent., was developed the idea of the multiplicity of languages and subsequently the possibility of comparing between them. In the 13 th cent., was developed a notion of historicism appeared. All this led to the fact that the European linguistic tradition from the beginning of the 19 th cent. became world-wide acknowledged.

How is Respiratory Medicine Growing in Europe?

The article examines the historical origins and development of the fundamental principles of European law, which have Roman law origins. The relevance of the topic is reinforced by the fact that Roman law principles still remain the foundation of the European legal tradition and the legal system of Ukraine, and their implementation is a necessary condition for successful European integration and sustainable development of the domestic legal order. The analysis of the influence of Roman law on the formation of the general principles of the Romano-Germanic legal family, the reception of these principles in the Middle Ages and their consolidation in the codifications of the Modern Age has been carried out. The reception of Roman law in Europe led to the formation of a common basis for continental legal systems. The Romano-Germanic legal family is characterized by the unity of basic concepts and principles, largely borrowed from Roman private and public law. As a result, by the 19th century. most of the principles developed by Roman law were integrated into the national legal systems of European states. The Romano-legal heritage, consolidated in the codifications, ensured the commonality of basic principles in the countries of continental Europe. The relevance of Roman legal principles for the modern European legal tradition and the legal system of Ukraine in the context of European integration is emphasized. The Constitution of Ukraine already enshrines the rule of law (Article 8), and the principles of equality, freedom, and justice are defined as fundamental for building a legal state. Ukraine’s European choice, recorded in strategic documents and amendments to the Constitution, provides for a deep harmonization of national legislation with EU law. This requires not only the implementation of the acquis communautaire norms, but also the assimilation of common principles prevailing in the European tradition. In practice, the rule of law serves as a criterion for assessing reforms (judicial, anti-corruption, etc.) during the implementation of the Association Agreement with the EU. It is concluded that legal harmonization based on common principles contributes to the stability and predictability of legal relations.

On classical sources, the author traced and compared the history of the formation and development of the institution of veto in ancient Rome, in medieval England, France, the Commonwealth. Particular attention is paid to the development of the institution of veto on Ukrainian lands. The author comes to the conclusion about the different legal nature of the veto in the medieval Western European and Eastern European traditions. The Eastern European tradition corresponds to the veto, the peculiarity of which is consensual in nature and the use of the legislature. The principle of consensual decision-making is inherent in the Western European tradition - in the English Parliament, decision-making by consensus has always been desirable. However, in Eastern European practice, it has become mandatory. In medieval society, consensus could exist as long as it was not denied by a minority. Historical experience has demonstrated the shortcomings of this approach and the dangers to the political and legal system in the case of its instrumentalization. Subsequently, the principle of consensus evolved towards the development of the majority principle. The second type of veto should be considered in the context of ensuring a balance of power, it is part of the mechanism of checks and balances, a tool to limit the legislature and strengthen the executive branch. The purpose of this mechanism is to find a balance of power between different spheres of power, which will correspond to the balance of power in a particular society at the moment. Therefore, there is no and obviously cannot be an ideal veto mechanism - in different states the forms of its implementation differ, depending on the distribution of powers between participants in the political process.

The practice of medicine in Georgia has its roots in antiquity and is deeply intertwined with the medical traditions of ancient Greece and Rome. This rich scientific heritage is clearly reflected in early medieval Georgian medical traditions. In medieval Georgian historical writings contain specialized medical texts and treatises, demonstrating the advanced state of medical knowledge at the time. Among these texts, the 11th-century Georgian medical text Ustsoro Karabadini (“Incomparable Medical Handbook”) holds particular significance as an original Georgian medical treatise incorporating not only Georgian medical expertise but also insights from both ancient and medieval European medical traditions. The parallels between this text and Western European medical treatises are apparent from the very beginning. The text incorporates the Hippocratic and Galenic concept of the four humors, outlining the ailments linked to each humor and their respective treatments. Additionally, Ustsoro Karabadini offers health recommendations based on seasonal changes, describing the challenges the human body faces throughout the year and providing guidance on overcoming illness and maintaining proper nutrition. The treatise also includes noteworthy insights into pregnancy, gender prediction, and childcare practices. It places particular emphasis on a balanced diet, detailing the appropriate consumption of plant- and animal-based foods. A notable section is dedicated to the medicinal benefits of wine, a subject deeply ingrained in both Georgian and European traditions, where it was closely associated with daily life and sacred significance of Christian rituals. The analysis of these treatises clearly demonstrates that, similar to Europe, Georgia developed agricultural practices, particularly the cultivation of vines and cereals. Historical and archaeological research confirms that the tradition of cultivating grapevines and wheat in the Caucasus region dates back to the Neolithic era. The Georgian territory is considered one of the oldest centers of viticulture and wheat cultivation. An analysis of medical treatises reveals that prolonged engagement with these agricultural practices both in the Georgian and broader European contexts contributed to the discovery of similar medicinal properties associated with these crops. A comparative analysis of Ustsoro Karabadini and European medical treatises suggests that Georgian medicine was significantly influenced by both European and ancient (Greek-Roman) medical traditions, sharing many common characteristics with them.

In this paper, we report on the presentations and activities from the strand on “European Didactic Traditions” during the Thematic Afternoon at ICME-13. The focal point of the first hour of this afternoon were four key features that were identified as common in all European traditions and the second and third hours were devoted to the presentation of concrete examples from four specific traditions, organised in four parallel sessions.

There is a European witticism to the effect that America is where European traditions go when they die. Of course the actual relationship between European esoteric traditions and American esotericism is much more complex and reciprocal. One could as easily say that America is where European traditions go to be reborn, for this more accurately expresses the movement back and forth from Europe and England to the United States, and from North America back to Europe and England. Such a movement is precisely what we find when we survey the history of Western esotericism in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century: it is quite closely intertwined with the history of European and English esotericism. As always, however, this history is rarely if ever one of social movements so much as of remarkable individuals.

When Merton came to intellectual maturity in the thirties, the American sociological enterprise was in a most unsatisfactory state. Robert K. Merton has written relatively little that deals directly with European sociological theories. Social Structure and Anomie, perhaps Merton's most famous essay, reveals a somewhat different aspect of Merton's reliance upon the European tradition. The immediate impetus for its writing is surely to be found, as in the last case, in the circumstances and the social and cultural conditions of the thirties. Merton's indebtedness to at least two general traditions of European theorizing, those of the sociology of knowledge and those of functional analysis, is so well known that it hardly needs extended commentary. Merton seizes upon European theoretical ideas in order to refine and reformulate his empirical data through theoretical analysis and is led to new data, which in turn led him to ask questions that originated in the European theoretical tradition.

European medicinal mushrooms: Do they have potential for modern medicine? – An update

Herrman S. Saroni: Paths to Success as a Composer in New York, 1844–52

Even before publishing his first volume of poetry, A Mask for Janus (1952), W.S. Merwin spent years living in Europe. Written as he traveled through and tutored in Portugal and Spain before temporarily settling in London, Merwin’s early poetry is imbued with his European travels and the European traditions he encountered. This Europeanness only intensified when he bought a rundown farmhouse in the southwest of France in 1954. Composed while living “In the Heart of Europe,” to quote the title of one of his poems from Green Beasts (1956), Merwin’s early poems seemed so intent on preserving traditional forms of poetry, such as ballads, sestinas, and roundels, that they read retrospectively as a rejection of the American way of life he grew up with. This chapter investigates what drew Merwin to the European tradition. Even more than American poets such as Adrienne Rich, Robert Lowell, and James Merrill, who also lived in Europe around the same time, Merwin appears to feel that Americans could “assume custodianship of European cultural traditions” in the postwar era, to cite Robert Von Hallberg (71). Yet it is also possible that Merwin was already exhibiting his conservationist side that he directed toward more environmental concerns in later decades.

Summary. Objective is to analyze the adaptation of European food traditions in Ukraine on the example of the historical development of the confectionery industry. Methodology of the research ‒ the principle of historicism, which allowed us to reveal the ways of transfer and transformation of food traditions. The scientific novelty is to find out the type of conversions, the quality and nature of borrowings, examples of local adaptation, and their historical background. Conclusions. 1. An industrial revolution that needed mass consumption and, accordingly, could provide cheap counterparts to traditional sweets played a significant role in adaptation. 2. The raw material basis for the development of the industry was formed only during the nineteenth century. 3. The location of Ukraine at the crossroads of geopolitical interests has shaped different spheres of influence, and, accordingly, the variety of regional sweets, which is later preserved in the factories range. Thus, the Ottoman rule in the Northern Black Sea, despite the recolonization of the region after the Russo-Turkish wars, has preserved the traditions of Eastern sweets in the culture of the Ukrainian South. 4. Based on the analysis of archival documents and periodicals, an analysis of the assortment of confectionery factories of Ukraine was made, which made it possible to compare them with the corresponding assortment of European factories and to trace the interweaving of the local food tradition and its combination with the European traditions (for example, Ukrainian adaptation of biscuits and local traditions in forming a recipe of Ukrainian gingerbread compared to Polish and English analogues of this product). 5. Spreadingof chocolate technologies was a multilayered process: those technologies were transported from Vienna to Poland and Ukraine actually at the same time. Thus, we got a blossoming industry of chocolate making in Lviv. On the other hand, the transition from the craft to the factory stage of the development of the industry was far more difficult in Western Ukraine, due to position of this region as an agrarian in the common structure of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

One of the most discussed figures in the context of the formation of the aesthetic worldview of the Polish artist of the first half of the 20th century, Bruno Schulz, is Adolf Arendt, a drawing teacher at the Drohobych Gymnasium named after Franz Joseph I. His name appears in the writer’s prose, particularly in Cinnamon Shops, and raises the question: was he Schulz’s real teacher, or rather a symbolic figure, the em- bodiment of initiation into figurative thinking? The purpose of the scientific investigation is to clarify the interpretative strategies of creating the figure of Arendt in the biographical and artistic world of Schulz in the context of modernist poetics and creative approaches to the formation of an artistic image (including an individual person), to trace the evolution of the reception of this image and its artistic transformation in Schulz studies of the 20th – 21st centuries, as well as to identify intertextual parallels of such creative transformations in the European tradition. In the research process, a complex of interrelated methods has been applied: the biographical meth- od; the hermeneutic method; the comparative method; the culturological method; the intertextual analy- sis; the literary analysis of the text. Four main interpretative strategies are analyzed: traditional biographical (J. Ficowski), critical-de- constructive (V. Panas), psychocultural / cultural-local (L. Kuibida; A. Sypek), and modern (culturalogical or memory studies). Ficowski considers Arendt to be a credible and important figure in Schulz’s biography, as the first drawing teacher who had a direct influence on the formation of the writer’s aesthetic orienta- tions. Based on a meticulous analysis of archival materials, Panas proves that Arendt’s teaching career and Schulz’s years of study do not coincide chronologically, which is why he interprets the scene of “Professor Arendt’s lesson” as a purely artistic construction. Kuibida and Sypek’s research approach is dual: the Lviv scholar interprets the figure of Arendt as both real and symbolic, and the professor’s lesson as an act of memory and transformation; the Polish researcher, using new documentary sources, rehabilitates the fig- ure of the drawing teacher as a real person, noting clear boundaries between the time of his professional activity at the Drohobych Gymnasium and the period of Schulz’s studies at this educational institution. In modern discussions, the figure of Arendt is mostly perceived as a key to understanding Bruno Schulz’s po- etics of memory, and connections and parallels are also announced between the image of Arendt and the motif of the Teacher in the European literary tradition of the 20th century. As demonstrated in the article, an important genre feature of biography is the retrospectivity of nar- rative strategies, the presentation of true, not fictional life collisions, their factuality, and the embroidery of life on the canvas of real historical events. What is important here is the dynamics, the display of the for- mation and change of the author’s inner world. However, artistic practice (as in the case of the figure of Ad- olf Arendt in Bruno Schulz) can be an example of how modernist artistic approaches to the creation of bi- ographical narratives can “devalue” the factuality and reliability of biographical facts and real images, and, expanding and deepening the boundaries of reality, mythologize and artistically transform them in artistic texts, thereby undermining the possibilities of interpretative strategies.

This chapter gives a historical overview of the study of the semantic aspects of word formation and lexicalization. It starts with Saussure and the developments in the European tradition, including the Prague School, which pay a lot of attention to semantics. Also the classical terminological tradition of Wüster is included. The American tradition was much more reluctant to study meaning. Bloomfield’s approach was in this respect inherited by generative grammar. Current approaches in the European tradition include the onomasiological approach, both in word formation and terminology, which evolved from the Prague School. In generative grammar, Distributed Morphology (DM) continues the tradition that prioritises the form, but there are also approaches such as Jackendoff’s Parallel Architecture, Lieber’s lexical semantics of word formation, and Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon, which provide a much better background for the study of the semantics of word formation and lexicalization. In addition, Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar prioritizes semantic considerations and Beard’s Lexeme-Morpheme-Base Morphology tries to bridge the gap between the European and American traditions. The chapter gives an overview of the positions of each of these frameworks and the relations between them. Against this theoretical background, the individual chapters are presented.

European traditions in the didactics of mathematics share some common features such as a strong connection with mathematics and mathematicians, the key role of theory, the key role of design activities for learning and teaching environments, and a firm basis in empirical research. In this first chapter, these features are elaborated by referring to four cases: France, the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. In addition, this chapter gives an overview on the other chapters of the book.