Abstract
Abstract. Agricultural soil with fertilization is a main anthropogenic source for atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). N2O fluxes from a maize–wheat rotation field in the North China Plain (NCP) were investigated for 4 successive years using the static chamber method. The annual N2O fluxes from the control (without fertilization) and fertilization plots were 1.5 ± 0.2 and 9.4 ± 1.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in 2008–2009, 2.0 ± 0.01 and 4.0 ± 0.03 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in 2009–2010, 1.3 ± 0.02 and 5.0 ± 0.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in 2010–2011, and 2.7 ± 0.6 and 12.5 ± 0.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in 2011–2012, respectively. Annual direct emission factors (EFd's) in the corresponding years were 2.4 ± 0.5%, 0.60 ± 0.01%, 1.1 ± 0.09% and 2.9 ± 0.2%, respectively. Significant linear correlation between fertilized-induced N2O emissions (Y, kg N ha−1) during the periods of 10 days after fertilization and rainfall intensities from 4 days before to 10 days after fertilization (X, mm) in the 4 years was found as Y = 0.048X − 1.1 (N = 4, R2 = 0.99, P < 0.05). Therefore, the remarkable interannual variations of N2O emissions and the EFd's were mainly ascribed to the rainfall.
Highlights
Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere have attracted much attention because of its significance for greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone (Crutzen, 1970; Bolle et al, 1986)
N2O emissions from the CK treatment were in the range of −37–70 ng N m−2 s−1, and obvious emission pulses occasionally occur after irrigation and rainfall events
The field simulation experiment confirmed that the results investigated at any agricultural fields in the North China Plain (NCP) could be applied for estimating the annual cumulative N2O emission and the fertilizer-induced N2O emission from the agricultural field in the NCP
Summary
Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere have attracted much attention because of its significance for greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone (Crutzen, 1970; Bolle et al, 1986). Among the various influence factors, fertilization, soil temperature and moisture play important roles on N2O emission. Fertilization directly provides substrate for soil nitrifying and denitrifying microbes, and soil temperature and moisture have major impacts on soil microorganisms (Smith et al, 2003). The microbial process generally increases exponentially with soil temperature when other factors are not limiting (Meixner and Yang, 2006). Soil water content plays important roles on the substrate supply for the microorganisms (Meixner and Yang, 2006) and on gas diffusivity (Smith et al, 2003). There are great uncertainties in N2O emission from agricultural fields with the reported direct emission factors (EFd ’s) of 0–7 % for mineral soils (Bouwman, 1996). It is necessary to conduct long-term N2O flux measurements different agricultural field to reduce the uncertainties of N2O estimation (Barton et al, 2008; Scheer et al, 2008)
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