Abstract
The available tooth whitening products in the market contain high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an active ingredient. Therefore, in order to curb the high H2O2 concentration and instability of liquid H2O2, this study evaluated the efficacy and cytotoxicity of the bleaching gel composed of 10% calcium peroxide (CaO2) and visible-light-activating nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) with methyl cellulose as a thickener. Extracted bovine teeth were discolored using coffee and black tea stain solution and were divided into two groups (n = 6). Bleaching was performed thrice on each tooth specimen in both the groups, with one minute of visible light irradiation during each bleaching time. The CIELAB L*a*b* values were measured pre- and post-bleaching. The N-TiO2 calcinated at 350 °C demonstrated a shift towards the visible light region by narrowing the band gap energy from 3.23 eV to 2.85 eV. The brightness (ΔL) and color difference (ΔE) increased as bleaching progressed each time in both the groups. ANOVA results showed that the number of bleaching significantly affected ΔE (p < 0.05). The formulated bleaching gel exhibits good biocompatibility and non-toxicity upon exposure to 3T3 cells. Our findings showed that CaO2-based bleaching gel at neutral pH could be a stable, safe, and effective substitute for tooth whitening products currently available in the market.
Highlights
The desire to flaunt a beautiful smile has turned into an aesthetic necessity today
The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) profile of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) calcined at 350 ◦C exhibited anatase peaks at 25.25◦, 37.68◦, 47.94◦, 53.87◦, and 55.01◦ and were in good accordance with the (101), (004), (200), (105), and (211) peak position of anatase TiO2 (JCPDS 86-1157) and rutile peaks at 27.4◦ and 36.03◦, which were in conformity with the (110) and (101) peak position of rutile TiO2 (JCPDS 21-1276)
Conditioned medium containing 0.2 g of bleaching gel (10% CaO2 + 1% N-TiO2 + 1.5% methylcellulose) per mL was prepared and used in this study
Summary
The desire to flaunt a beautiful smile has turned into an aesthetic necessity today. tooth whitening has become rampant in esthetic dentistry [1]. Hydrogen peroxide is the most common active ingredient in dental bleaching products, due to its ability to release free radicals [5]. These free radicals trigger the oxidation and splitting of pigmented organic molecules into smaller molecules. Office bleaching products usually contain a high concentration of H2O2 (35–40%) to generate high levels of free radicals for a short treatment time in one appointment, while home bleaching products contain 6–10% H2O2 and take more than one month to achieve desired results [10,11]. A safer yet efficient bleaching product is long overdue
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