Abstract
Luminescence thermometry in biomedical sciences is a highly desirable, but also highly challenging and demanding technology. Numerous artifacts have been found during steady-state spectroscopy temperature quantification, such as ratiometric spectroscopy. Oppositely, the luminescence lifetime is considered as the most reliable indicator of temperature thermometry because this luminescent feature is not susceptible to sample properties or luminescence reabsorption by the nanothermometers themselves. Unfortunately, this type of thermometer is much less studied and known. Here, the thermometric properties of Yb3+ ions in Nd0.5RE0.4Yb0.1PO4 luminescent temperature probes were evaluated, aiming to design and optimize luminescence lifetime based nanothermometers. Temperature dependence of the luminescence lifetimes is induced by thermally activated phonon assisted energy transfer from the 2F5/2 state of Yb3+ ions to the 4F3/2 state of Nd3+ ions, which in turn is responsible for the significant quenching of the Yb3+:2F5/2 lifetime. It was also found that the thermal quenching and thus the relative sensitivity of the luminescent thermometer can be intentionally altered by the RE ions used (RE = Y, Lu, La, and Gd). The highest relative sensitivity was found to be SR = 1.22% K−1 at 355 K for Nd0.5Y0.4Yb0.1PO4 and it remains above 1% K−1 up to 500 K. The high sensitivity and reliable thermometric performance of Nd0.5La0.4Yb0.1PO4 were confirmed by the high reproducibility of the temperature readout and the temperature uncertainty being as low as δT = 0.05 K at 383 K.
Highlights
IntroductionThe most commonly exploited spectroscopic feature of the thermometric phosphors that, a er calibration, reports about temperature is the shape of luminescence spectra
One of the most sophisticated examples of such remote temperature readout is in vivo thermal imaging of biological systems, where, in a noninvasive and electrically passive manner, information about temperature distribution in the living cells and tissues can be visualized with a submicrometer spatial resolution.[6,8,9,10,11]
Stoichiometric amounts of oxides (Y2O3, Lu2O3, La2O3, Gd2O3, Nd2O3 and Yb2O3) were diluted in ultrapure nitric acid to produce nitrates and placed in a Te on-lined autoclave, followed by evaporation of the excess solution and drying over P2O5 in a vacuum desiccator for 1 day
Summary
The most commonly exploited spectroscopic feature of the thermometric phosphors that, a er calibration, reports about temperature is the shape of luminescence spectra. The intensity ratio of two emission bands is used.[15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] because the shape of the emission band may be affected by the unknown and sample-to-sample variable absorption of the
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