Nikolai Leskov on Sanctimonious Rhetoric: The “Notes of the Unknown” Series

The features of children’s word creation in one of the series of the animated film “Masha and the Bear” are studied. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the study of the language game on the example of the speech of children’s cartoon characters allows us to obtain new information about the features of children’s word creation in modern media products. It is shown that the authors of the animated series “Masha and the Bear” deliberately use a variety of game techniques to imitate children’s speech. A series is analyzed, which is devoted to playing out the features of the creative activity of children when they master the language. It is noted that the character Masha in this series uses spoonerisms and occasionalisms. Foreign translations of these means of expression into English, French, Spanish and Ukrainian are given. It is shown that not all unusual words that Masha creates are translated in foreign cartoons with exact equivalents. Some of them are replaced by the names of animals, the image of which is more often used in foreign culture. It is concluded that children’s word creation in media content has not been sufficiently studied, while it plays an important role both in reflecting the characteristics of children's speech and in shaping the creative thinking of young viewers.

The continuing interest in the artistic word reveals all the new aspects of the study of the writers’ language, the methods of usage of the linguistic units in their works. This article brings together in one focus several problems: the study of the language creativity of N.S. Leskov, manifested in the creation of unforgettable speech portraits of characters, who, in search of expressiveness, realize their creative abilities, using already known words and expressions or creating the new ones. Occasional expressions, used to achieve maximum expressiveness and intensity of the transmitted value, can be read in the same text in different ways. The multiple transformation of stable expressions is especially typical for the writer, therefore it is difficult not only to interpret the author’s phraseology in Leskov’s works, but also to translate. The Czech translators using the principle of functional similarity try to keep ways of usage of the units created by the author and to inform the reader of expressivity, emotional sounding and esthetic functions of the original.

The neologization with the popularity of the Internet occurs actively in the contemporary Russian language. Not only mass media but also common people, Internet users contribute significantly. New words from the media discourse get into word creating rates of Internet project “Word of the Year”. On the one hand, ranked lists are the indicators of social changes, on the other hand, they reflect linguocreative potential of people, who participate in lists formation. Creative speech activity relates to language game. One of the main rules of such a game is the understanding of conditions of a certain speech (game) code both by a creator of a word and by an interlocutor. Conducted analysis shows that authors mostly use the model of compressive word creation and it proves high creative potential, freedom of speech behavior and linguistic sense of native speakers, who strive to the self-expression with word creation. New formations created by methods of paronymic attraction and blend words save semantic links with original words. So they have semantic of motivating words in their meaning and have advantage over descriptive constructions. Thus, methods of word creation, which allow describing social and political events of a country or a personal life with a new bright word with evaluative element in it, are popular in the contemporary word creative activity.

The article attempts to provide an answer to the questions concerning the aspects of internationalization of the Polish lexical stock, in the 21th century. In the first part, the author presents a list of new loanwords, for example, pendrive, followers, vlog, burger, webinarium, ciabatta, tacos. The new words are mostly borrowed from the English language. In the second part of the article, the author presents neologisms formation which perform various function (for example expressive, nominative). In this section the productivity of foreign prefixes and ranks with the formation of borrowed morphemes are discussed, too. The main objective of the paper is to show how old loanwords (for example alkoholik, parking, skleroza, automat, akwarium) have an impact on the creation of hybrids. The author describes word-formation like motylarium, żółwiarium, pająkarium, reklamoza, szyldoza, grantoza, serialoholik, fejsoholik, kawomat, ciastkomat, parawaning, grobing and she points to the patterns by which new units were created. Other authors perceive these phenomena as inextricably bound with the tendency to internationalization and with the processes of “linguistic globalization”. The main thesis of the article is that borrowed suffixes have different functions, the most important of which are creativity and language game, evaluation, especially negative one. The analysed phenomena prove that there is no clear border between creation of words and their borrowing, between the nominative function and the language game.

The relevance of the study lies in the need for a detailed examination of occasional vocabulary in modern Russian animated series and the definition of its derivational specificity. The aim of the study is to provide a structural and semantic characteristic of occasionalisms in the animated series “The Fixies” taking into account the opinion of representatives of the Kazan linguistic school on the methods of word formation and to identify the role of these units in the language game with the viewer. The research material, which is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, is individual-authorial neologisms in the animated series “The Fixies”. The work uses the descriptive-analytical method and the method of continuous sampling, as well as methods and techniques of structural-semantic and functional-stylistic analysis. Usual (prefixation, suffixation, composition and its varieties) and non-usual (hendiadys, conversion, palindrome, dieresis, contamination, and substitutive derivation) methods of creating occasionalisms have been established; their productivity has been revealed. The author determined that occasionalisms with the element “fixie” in the animated series are the most frequent, they form a word-formation nest. The age of the character is inversely proportional to the frequency of using occasionalisms in speech. The individual author’s word creation makes the animated series “The Fixies” interesting for children and attracts their attention. Such word creation in this cartoon is primarily due to the language game. The prospects of the work consist in increasing the research base by comparing occasionalisms with other linguistic units of “The Fixies” in the language game, as well as in comparing the new formations presented in this cartoon with occasionalisms functioning in other animated series.

The article presents the results of the empirical study of children’s word creation in the linguocultural aspect. Based on the analysis of diary records of the large family Matonins-Morozovs (O. Solovki, 1981–2001), the word formation methods and the features of the thinking of children at different ages are systematised, the conclusions about the patterns of the reflecting of vision of world in the speech are drawed. Lexical material has obtained as result of the observations on the speech development of the half-brothers and sisters: Valya (1981), Katya (1983), Masha (1982), Vitalik (1984), Alexandra (1986) and Nicholay (1993). The utterances of the friends with whom the brothers and sisters Matonins-Morozovs communicated are also used. The indivisibility of children’s consciousness and the inartificial ways of child self-expression makes us wonder on the complex connection of thoughts and language in the process of the personality development and formation. As a result of the study, the following speech features of childrenfrom two to five years are noted. The animistic and totemic worldview manifestations, characteristic of the tribal communities culture, are characterized to children’s speech.In particular, they are expressed in the symbolic perception of reality, in the animating of toys and everyday life objects.At this age children use such forms of the word creation as compounding, saving of linguistic resources, using of well-known lexical forms to create neologisms based on onomatopoeia or familiar function of a thing by analogy. The blending can be calledas a special phenomenon in children’s speech. It manifests itself at all language levels. Preschoolers at the age of five or six often formulate thoughts in the short, fantastic stories, parables or fairy tales form. This is the most comfortable form of their communication. It has the language game character.Jargon expressions, imitation of the adults, misuse of terminology and unfamiliar words appear and dominate in the youngsters’s speech.

The article is dedicated to holophrastic neologisms i.e. blended words constructed on the basis of word combinations. The author focuses on emotiveness of holophrastic structures in political texts represented in the Internet. A dynamic contradiction between the violation of a norm, taking place in new words formation (those new words are considered as occasionalisms of holophrastic type) and new ways of emotiveness representation has been studied from the viewpoint of language ecology. In course of research, more than 100 texts and microtexts were analyzed; at the same time, the ironic potential, language games and the possibility of self-expression of the subject turned out to be characteristic of political texts. As the main research technique, we used continuous sample of holophrastic set expressions; in addition, in order to obtain objective data, such services as Yandex and Google have been used. Holophrastic set expressions have been treated as a result of word formation and representation of such linguistic personality as native speaker of Russian.

The article examines the expression of subjectlessness in « Solitary Thoughts» by V.V. Rozanov, a work of an innovative language and genre form. The genre peculiarities of the work determine a significant number of one-part sentences that are used by the writer in the traditional language function. At the same time, the author's style is most characterized by the combination of different types of these sentences in one paragraph.
 A very important function of these structures in the text is the stylistic function. The reception of anaphora is based on one-part sentences; expressive antonymy in their structure; on the basis of these constructions, a rhetorical question and a language game are built; an original and unexpected metaphor; examples of the author's word creation are also noted on the basis of one-part structures. This type of sentences is also used to create an ironic effect.
 The methods of using one-piece structures reflect the uniqueness and originality of the artistic world of V.V. Rozanov. Subjectlessness acts as a means of expressing the intimate author's principle, deep personal experience, which has a mystical, metaphysical nature of «truly Russian, Russian element». On the basis of the explication of the leading compositional-speech dominants and the specifics of their linguistic embodiment at the syntactic level of the language, innovative fiction is represented in the work. This allows us to consider the work of V.V. Rozanov as a high example, which reflected the richest intellectual and emotional world of the author himself.

The article deals with the occasional past passive participles of the type zabluzhennyi, prisnennyi, derived from the reflexiva tantum verbs. The problem of the derivation and use of these forms raises a number of questions related to the definition of the criteria for the normativity of these derivatives, their qualification as an error or as a language game, and an explanation of the reasons for their use. The material for the corpus-based study is data from “The General Internet-Corpus of Russian (GICR)”. The purpose of the study is to search for derivational principles of occasional participles, to evaluate statistics of their use, to consider the contextual conditions of the use of participles with subjects and objects of different types, and to determine the main lexical and grammatical meanings of the words. As a result of the study, we have discovered that the derivation of these participles has an almost twenty-year tradition, since most of the forms were first fixed in the corpus in 2004-2006. Non-normative participles are most often derived from reflexive verbs directly, by passing the stage of a non-normative transitive verb without the postfix - sya. A contextual analysis shows that non-normative past passive participles are more often used with inanimate names. Finally, there were identified three meanings of the non-normative past passive participles: a resultative meaning of the time precedence of the main predicate, a stative meaning denoting the state of the subject or object without reference to the preceding action, and an adjectival meaning emphasizing timelessness, constancy of the described feature, which allows qualifying the obtained forms as verbal adjectives. Explanations given by the users to the forms of participles, words in quotation marks, and a reference to a motivating verb stem allow us to conclude that some non-normative derivatives are the result of a language game. The reason for such word creation can be considered as the speaker’s goal to fill the lexical and grammatical lacuna, obtaining the meaning of an unintentional, unconscious state without referring to a specific situation in the past. This study makes it possible to identify the main tendencies in the language of the Runet.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the language game, as one of the main elements of suggestive influence during the communicative interaction between the doctor and the patient, and also considers the metaphor as one of the varieties of the language game. A person has always had the ability and inclination to give playful form to all aspects of his life. The game is a necessary way of social life, something that supports the ideal, which in turn determines the spiritual culture of the era. From the spontaneous quality, the rhythm of life, the game becomes for certain strata of society, and in some periods for society as a whole, a dramatic fabric for the realization of some higher social plot, moral and social idea, therefore it became an integral part of medical communication. A language game is a multifaceted phenomenon that has at the same time a stylistic, psycholinguistic, pragmatic and aesthetic nature. The multifacetedness of this phenomenon makes it difficult to define a consistent and comprehensive language game, not all aspects of which are sufficiently well studied. Language play brings aesthetic pleasure and satisfies psycho-emotional needs. By playing with the form of speech, the speaker enhances its expressiveness or creates a comic effect, contributes to the creation of new words, thereby enriching the language. The introduction of the language game into the medical discourse indicates its significant pragmatic significance opportunities Providing information using a language game contributes to optimization information impact on the one who receives it. In the hierarchy of functions of the language game in the debatable space of medical communication, the main role belongs to the function of suggestive influence, to which the aesthetic function is subordinate, and as a derivative of these functions, which includes the evaluative nature of information and the stylistic manner of its presentation, the worldview function arises. The work analyzes the peculiarities of such a type of speech game as a metaphor, which harmonizes communication, establishes communicative coordination, contributes to the discharge of negative emotional energy caused by the presence of symptoms of diseases, and also proves that metaphor as a type of speech game improves the speech interaction “doctor-patient” and increases the suggestive effect.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of some ways of language game creating in the poetry for children by B. Zahoder. The author considers repeat, destroying of frazeological imagery, antithesis, word creation, as the means of cognitive and pedagogic tasks of children literature and achievement of poetic texts intertaining solution.

The article describes the use of occasional vocabulary in newspaper headlines. The observations are based on the material of the Internet edition “Kommersant”. Different models of word creation in the communicative space of the publication are shown. Word creation is considered as a part of the language game and a characteristic feature of modern newspaper discourse.

At the turn of the twentieth – twenty first centuries, many linguists noted intensified use of proverbs, sayings and other stable groups of words in the media and everyday speech to make statements convincing, significant, complete. Despite an extensive proverbial fund, word creation in the field of paremiology continues, but it exhibits some peculiarities. Traditional proverbs, sayings and aphorisms are intended to teach, caution succeeding generations based on the experience of previous ones. Modern paremias are characterized by distortion, ridicule of the very wisdom. The comparative analysis of the selected transformed versions of paremic units revealed the most and least frequent methods of the language game, and a national-cultural component characteristic of the German and Russian anti-proverbs related to "Money". The study showed that for both languages the patterns of changing the paremia form coincide in many ways. The patterns of modifying the content are different up to the opposite: neogenesis is not typical of the Germans transforms. This difference explains the greater number and lesser completeness of the thematic groups of Russian anti-proverbs. A slight deviation from the structure and semantics of the initial paremia and, as a result, a limited range of topics of the transformed versions is more characteristic of the German anti-proverb field. Almost all German paremias can be compactly classified into two groups peculiar only to them and four groups common with Russians, many of which, in turn, have separate topics that do not overlap with others within the anti-proverb money field.

The article is devoted to electronic texts created by modern philologists and published on social network pages. Attention is drawn to the linguistic and extralinguistic features of such texts, regardless of their volume. The features of citation are considered within the framework of such concepts as inter- and hypertextuality in digital display. The main topics of philologists’ publications are identified: language, speech, education, travel. The syntax of the notes is analysed, which tends to be simplified, but reflects the philological professionalism of the authors through the literacy of constructing statements. Particular attention is paid to the language game, which consists mainly in word usage and word creation. The conclusion is that the electronic text of a philologist corresponds to the modern trends of Internet culture, but has a number of linguistic features characteristic of a specialist.

This study aims to investigate the implementation of the phenomenon of word creation as a kind of а language game in the modern media space – the social network Instagram.The theoretical part of the study is based on several works devoted to the phenomenon under study by Boris Norman, Vladimir Sannikov, Tatiana Kuranova, and Lidia Malygina.The basis of the practical part of the article was the analysis of examples from the Internet dictionary SlovoDna, aimed at comparing language game techniques with their direct implementation in the modern Russian language.Current work uses methods such as introspection and reconstruction of the internal form of wordplay and their word-forming analysis. As a result of the research, nonce words are singled out into several subgroups based on the method of formation (reception); the main functions of the word-formation language game implemented by the authors of the Internet dictionary while creating words are determined; conclusions about the linguistic experiments of SlovoDna are made.