Abstract
The circadian clock system is associated with feeding and mood. Patients with night eating syndrome (NES) delay their eating rhythm and their mood declines during the evening and night, manifesting as time-specific depression. Therefore, we hypothesized that the NES feeding pattern might cause time-specific depression. We established new NES model by restricted feeding with high-fat diet during the inactive period under normal-fat diet ad libitum. The FST (forced swimming test) immobility time in the NES model group was prolonged only after lights-on, corresponding to evening and early night for humans. We examined the effect of the NES feeding pattern on peripheral clocks using PER2::LUCIFERASE knock-in mice and an in vivo monitoring system. Caloric intake during the inactive period would shift the peripheral clock, and might be an important factor in causing the time-specific depression-like behavior. In the NES model group, synthesis of serotonin and norepinephrine were increased, but utilization and metabolism of these monoamines were decreased under stress. Desipramine shortened some mice’s FST immobility time in the NES model group. The present study suggests that the NES feeding pattern causes phase shift of peripheral clocks and malfunction of the monoamine system, which may contribute to the development of time-specific depression.
Highlights
The mammalian circadian clock system has an approximately 24 h rhythm and regulates various physiological functions, including metabolism, feeding cycle, and sleep-wake cycle[1]
We described that mice ate high-fat diet (HFD) at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 5 under a 2-h RF with HFD from ZT 5, mice ate normal-fat diet (ND) during the active period[26]
To determine an adequate duration of RF with HFD, we explored the effect of RF duration on caloric intake and locomotor activity rhythm, and examined the feeding condition that resulted in HFD caloric intake that was approximately 25% of the total caloric intake, and which affected locomotor activity
Summary
The mammalian circadian clock system has an approximately 24 h rhythm and regulates various physiological functions, including metabolism, feeding cycle, and sleep-wake cycle[1]. The timing and composition of food are important regulators for peripheral clocks[9,10,11], whereas the central clock regulates the feeding rhythm by controlling the secretion rhythm of feeding related hormones, including leptin, orexin, and ghrelin[12,13,14] Taken together, these studies indicate a close interaction between the circadian clock system and feeding rhythm. Patients with SRED exhibit more symptoms of depression[19] These studies indicate that night eating, which is referred to as disturbed feeding rhythm, may be associated with time-specific and nonspecific depression. The effect of disturbed feeding rhythms, such as the eating pattern of patients with NES, on depression and monoamine systems has not been investigated
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