Abstract
Obesity treatments, such as calorie restriction (CR), eventually lead to muscle wasting and higher rates of neuroinflammation, whereas hypothalamic inflammatory conditions impair body weight (BW) control. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has been proposed against obesity but with little evidence on skeletal muscle tissue (SMT) and neuroinflammation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of CR on SMT and on hypothalamic inflammatory biomarkers in obese adult male Wistar rats, and whether NR supplementation alone or in combination with CR affects these parameters. Obesity was induced in rats through a cafeteria diet for 6 weeks. After that, a group of obese rats was exposed to CR, associated or not associated with NR supplementation (400 mg/kg), for another 4 weeks. As a result, obese rats, with or without CR, presented lower relative weight of SMT when compared with eutrophic rats. Rats under CR presented lower absolute SMT weight compared with obese and eutrophic rats, in addition to presenting elevated hypothalamic levels of TNF-α. NR supplementation, in all groups, enhanced weight loss and increased relative weight of the SMT. Furthermore, in animals under CR, NR reversed increases TNF-α levels in the hypothalamus. In this study, these data, although succinct, are the first to evidence the effects of NR on SMT and neuroinflammation when associated with CR, especially in obesity conditions. Therefore, this provides preliminary support for future studies in this investigative field. Furthermore, NR emerges as a potential adjuvant for preventing muscle mass loss in the weight loss processes.
Highlights
Presenting global epidemic proportions, obesity is a chronic metabolic disease associated with serious health problems [1]
As studies on this topic are really scarce, with no clinical or preclinical evidence reporting its potential effects on muscle mass or neuroinflammatory events when associated with a calorie restriction (CR) strategy under obesity conditions, in this study, we aimed to investigate whether Nicotinamide riboside (NR) supplementation, combined or not with CR, affects muscle mass and hypothalamic inflammatory parameters of rats with obesity induced by a hypercaloric diet model
The cafeteria diet (CAFD) group when compared with the animals of the standard diet (SD) group showed an increase in body weight (BW) gain [mean of difference (MD) 38.5 g, CI95% (25.7–51.3), P < 0.001]
Summary
Presenting global epidemic proportions, obesity is a chronic metabolic disease associated with serious health problems [1]. Its treatment is aimed at a gradual loss of body weight (BW), mainly through the reduction in body fat. In this sense, both physical activity and calorie restriction (CR) are the standardly used clinical practices [1]. Loss of muscle mass is a considerable risk factor for bone fractures, cardiovascular problems, and metabolic dysfunctions. Complications in skeletal muscle tissue (SMT) impair the whole-body bioenergetic metabolism and hinder the process of weight loss [4]. A healthy weight loss strategy should have STM as a focus as well
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