New Zealand Security Agencies’ Secrecy, Accountability, and Transparency in the Modern Era

We provide a comparison of salient organizational features of primary markets for foreign government debt over the very long run. We focus on output, quality control, information provision, competition, pricing, charging and signaling. We find that the market set up experienced a radical transformation in the recent period and interpret this as resulting from the rise of liability insurance provided by rating agencies. Underwriters have given up their former role as gatekeepers of liquidity and certification agencies to become aggressive competitors in a new speculative grade market.

Exemption 3 of the Freedom of Information Act states that a federal agency can withhold a document that has already been deemed non-disclosable by a different statute. That exemption is often used by agencies that are involved in traditional national security practices and the controversial modern techniques of pervasive electronic surveillance, as justification for keeping information on those practices secret. This article argues that Exemption 3 has inadvertently made the security and surveillance establishment more secretive, creating a nearly irrebuttable presumption that documents must not be disclosed to citizens or journalists. Exemption 3 jurisprudence has allowed precedents on the secrecy of old-school surveillance techniques to be applied to the far more pervasive techniques exercised by security agencies in the modern era.

FOREWORD The 4th International Symposium for Sustainable Landscape Development (The 4th ISSLD) was a continuation from the 3rd ISSLD which was held in 2017. The symposium was aimed to explore new ideas and discuss interdisciplinary science for Sustainable Landscape Development. In this modern era, landscape development must consider the multidisciplinary approach in facing the rapid landscape changes that have a remarkable impact on human. Disaster, food security, sustainable practices and the advance technologies are among other challenges that need to be taken into account.The main background of this symposium concerns the disaster that getting frequent occurred in Indonesia and around the globe. The nature link-disaster such as tsunami, earthquake and volcanic eruption; the climate-linked disasters which to a great extent related to climate change phenomena; and human-link disasters such as forest fire and land-use changes have threatened the environment and humanity. Therefore, every community must be prepared to be able to anticipate those disasters which can be achieved through landscape preservation, conservation and restoration intertwined with landscape development. The second concern that underlying the symposium is the rise of the fourth industrial revolution that closely related to digital technology. We believe that technology plays a significant role in the processes of landscape research and development, particularly related to disasters and food security.Based on those considerations, therefore, in this symposium, we invited researchers, government officials, academicians and professionals to exchange ideas related to four issues:1. Post Disaster Management, Restoration, Mitigation and Resilience in Landscape2. Landscape Planning and Management for Supporting Food Security in Vulnerable Landscape3. Future Issue and Disruptive Technology of 4.0 in Landscape Architecture4. Sustainable Landscape Architecture: Design, Planning and ManagementThe 4th ISSLD was held on October 10th, 2019 at the IPB International Convention Centre (IICC), Bogor, Indonesia. This event was organized by the Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. The participants came from various affiliations and countries including Croatia, Japan, Philippine, Malaysia and Indonesia. In this symposium, student participants were encouraged to participate in paper and poster presentation that becoming student competition. The symposium produced 49 papers which are peer-reviewed and published in this issue of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES).We would like to thank all authors who have shared knowledge and ideas through the articles that have composed the proceeding of the 4th ISSLD. Our credits go to the reviewers who have committed to evaluate the papers on time. We would also like to thank the organizing committee, steering committee, keynote and invited speakers, participants and students who have made this event a success. We wish to thank IOP Publishing for making this publication possible. Last but not least we gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the sponsors: IPB University, Food Security Agency - Ministry of Agriculture Republic, and Bank Negara Indonesia.Hopefully this proceeding could bring a new perspective in landscape science and development to reach sustainability.Akhmad Arifin HadiEditor-in-ChiefEditorial Committees, Scientific Committees, Editor Assistant and Conference photographs are available in the pdf.

New Zealand’s two intelligence and security agencies play crucial roles in preserving our democracy and protecting the public from various harms associated with political violence. Scandals involving intelligence professionals likely diminish public trust and confidence in these agencies, which appears to be very low among some marginalised communities and minority groups. While official secrecy is required for sound strategic and operational reasons, it hampers meaningful articulation of the value proposition underpinning these agencies and their work. Reassuring the public is vital for the intelligence and security agencies, given their highly intrusive powers. Rather than more reviews of, increased transparency by, or stronger accountability over the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service and the Government Communications Security Bureau, we suggest that a parliamentary commissioner for security is needed to help foster a level of public awareness and build the understanding required for trust and confidence to be restored in these agencies.