New Machines, Old Ghosts and the Bigger Soul: Opening for the Eschatological Gift

An unrestricted social world and the problem(s) of sociology Sociology has been characterized as an embattled science all through its century-long history. Now, by the turn of the mil¬lennium it is still considered a controver¬sial science: contemporary discussions in the USA have made it clear that so¬ciology risks implosion from the inside either because it is evolving into a science of cultural differences mirroring the ma¬ny forms of contemporary moral redresses or else as an esoteric symbol system out of touch with social reality. The article starts out with surveying some such con¬temporary arguments, raised by socio¬logists and directed against the sociolo¬gical discipline in the 90´s. Seen from within the system of the modern sciences, sociology is typically what has been called an “unrestricted” science. It harbours a wide variety of theo¬retical and methodological approaches without any real centre. Profound que¬stions have recently been raised if socio¬logy as a discipline is falling apart in various specialties with regard to sub¬stances, theories, and methods. Network arrangements among cognitive special¬ties threaten the classic disciplinary mo¬del of science today in general, and so¬ciology is especially threatened by such de-centring tendencies. But the thrust of the argument in this article is to view the alleged dissolution of sociology in light of the wider theme of an eventual dissolution of the notion of the “social”. Could it be, by the end of the 20´s century, that our social world assumes different characteristics than those contained in the old framework of the nation-state. Many different notions of the term social are then listed aiming at the question if the term social itself is but a late historic construction, pertai¬ning in particular to the glue that was to hold the territorial state together. As a “resource” the social world is a precondi¬tion of human life, but as a “topic of dis¬course”, and a theme of sociology, em¬ployments of the term social need consi¬dering a future social world without de¬finite borders. Due to the expansion not the least of mass technology, the social world has been transformed immensely. The expan¬sion process can be captured as a three¬fold process: individualization, contrac¬tualization, and mediatization. Whereas the old container theory stipulated a more or less unified model of the social, a new vision of the social requires us to accom¬modate to this overriding and threefold expansion process. However, these diffe¬rent processes may pull in different cog¬nitive directions - and the question will be raised in the end if the future of socio¬logy can find a “reflective equilibrium” and maintain its disciplinary bounda¬ries or if the discipline will dissolve as a consequence of the dissolution of its own subject-matter?

Prelims

1. IntroductionSocial entities and mechanisms are extremely dissimilar in their constitution and underlying forces. The features of social entities alter notably in time, as a due to the purposive and unplanned conduct of the socially composed individuals who constitute a society. There is a considerable degree of mobility in the social world. Social results exhibit a significant level of likelihood and route dependency in their architecture and development. Social entities, mechanisms, and types of impact are eventually originated in separate participants. The latter are involved in continuous social connections and routines (Androniceanu and Ohanyan, 2016; Basboll, 2015; El-Montasser et al., 2016) that are external and unbiased. Social agreements are intensified via a mechanism of covering and constitution from lower-level distinct and social undertakings. Social arrangements and institutions have a level of constancy and causal force that define them as entities, not simply unplanned compositions. Social causes are dissimilar, probabilistic, participant-driven, exception laden, and interrelated. (Little, 2016)2. The Ontology of the Social WorldThe social world is as responsive to causal connections as the natural one, being a combination of various kinds of institutions, types of human conduct, natural and environmental limitations, and contingent events. The individual is socially constituted, i.e. her types of conduct, thought, and interpretation are conceived via a particular series of previous social interplays. Her undertakings are socially established, i.e. they are reactive to the institutional framework in which she prefers to operate. Purposive individuals, assimilating with capacities and limitations (Becerra Alonso et al.; 2016; Borbone, 2016; Brown, 2016), pursue their objectives in particular institutional frameworks. Configurations of social results frequently arise. The social world comprises mixtures, combinations, accumulations, and intricate systems of these types of socially situated agency, its features deriving from the undertakings, thoughts, incentives, emotions, and interplays of socially situated individuals. (Little, 2016)The social world is a totality, a vibrant combination, and a constant interplay of forces, participants, arrangements, and mindsets. Social results are the summative outcome of manifold lower-level mechanisms and institutions that generate them, and are contingent consequences of interplay and integration of these lower-level mechanisms. Intricate social events are comprised of various causal mechanisms and constituents. The phenomena of a considerable social aggregate are the totality of a substantial amount of distinct mechanisms (Canovas, 2015; Chapman, 2016; Cimatti, 2016) with intertwining connections and frequently extremely different tempos. Individuals within institutions alter their features via (i) their own conduct, (ii) their intentional endeavors to amend them, and (iii) the growing impact of participants and their conduct over time and place. (Little, 2016)Social constructs are generated and carried out within a substrate of thoughtful and dynamic participants whose conduct and mindset at a specified time regulate the characteristics of the social entity. As individuals operate, pursue their concerns, detect novel chances, and innovate, they at the same time mirror a certain institution and disintegrate or alter the latter. Individuals modify their positions and values gradually (Schneider, 2015; Scott and Stevens, 2016; Sharp, 2016), via exposure to other persons and conducts. The positions and values of a new age group are typically conveyed via mechanisms that are greatly dispersed. Institutions are human creations, are integrated in human undertakings and beliefs, and fix social issues, harmonizing separate undertakings, handling resources, and distributing benefits and responsibilities. Institutions either preserve their structure or alter it being contingent upon the concerns and undertakings of the participants. …

In addition to being a social need, fighting against crime, has a political function and provides the acceptance and legitimacy of political systems. For this reason, the government’s policy of suppression, reduction and prevention of crime, concerns the public opinion. It is necessary that, the best and the most efficient way is selected to fight crime with the help of scientific technology. In the present article entitled “Determining the advantages and disadvantages of the legal system's selection policy in response to violent crime” we have been trying to serve the purpose of determining the advantages and disadvantages of the legal system's selection policy in response to violent crimes and explain the best way to fight against violent crimes, taking into account social needs, the analytical methods and the use of all library resources to answer the questions; what processes has the criminal policy of Iran regarded to prevent violent crimes? How has the Populist criminal policy been expressed in legislation of Iran? Finally, what are the results of the populist criminal policy? The results of the study show that the Populist criminal policy has always existed in the Iranian legal system, the example of which is seen in the law of intensification of punishments for the perpetrators of embezzlement, bribery and fraud.

AIMS: to present a reflection on the clinic of patients infected by COVID-19 and to propose the main nursing diagnoses based on International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP©).
 METHOD: this is a reflection study, in which the selection criteria used were articles indexed in the MEDLINE, LILACS and BDENF databases published between December 2019 and April 2020, in English and Portuguese.
 RESULTS: 10 scientific articles were part of the study, which made it possible to know the symptomatologic profile of the disease, with emphasis on the classic triad of COVID-19, which is cough, shortness of breath and fever. It revealed that the basic human need most affected in this patient profile is oxygenation in view of hypoxemia being the main complication, for which the clinical outcome was negative, especially in elderly patients.
 CONCLUSION: there was a shortage and studies related to nursing in the face of this pandemic, but it was possible to conclude that ICNP© is one of the taxonomies that can be used to implement nursing diagnoses and intervention, the most frequent nursing diagnoses are related to the basic human and social need for oxygenation and vascular regulation.

Stunting, a common child malnutrition form, hampers growth due to poor nutrition, infections, and limited psychosocial stimulation. Primarily affecting those under five, especially in the first 1,000 days, it becomes nearly irreversible later. Linked to impaired brain development, childhood morbidity, and mortality, it heightens the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood, impacting cognitive function and productivity. This research aims to analyze factors related to the motivation of Posyandu cadres in tackling stunting in the Belu Regency, RI-RDTL border. The method used in this research is mixed methods. The mixed method research strategy applied is the Concurrent Embedded method. The quantitative method used is a descriptive approach while the qualitative method uses a case study. The study was conducted at Haliwen Health Center and South Atambua Health Center, with a quantitative research sample of 150 people and 10 qualitative research informants. The research findings indicate that the dominant cadre motivation factors include Social Needs at 99.3%. Based on Maslow's Basic Human Needs motivation factors, when viewed from the results of quantitative and qualitative data analysis, the motivation of cadres in handling stunting is social needs. Meanwhile, in qualitative research, a main theme was found, namely Humanitarian Harmony, which was divided into 3 categories, namely Volunteering, Dedication, and Caring. Volunteering, Dedication, and Caring are included in social needs. Humans in general need to interact and contribute to society. Dedication, caring, and volunteering are ways to fulfill this social need by providing support or assistance to others without expecting immediate reward.

Contents: Introduction Part I The Theory of Need: Welfare and the value of liberty, Raymond Plant The priority of needs, Robert E. Goodin A theory of human need, Len Doyal and Ian Gough A theory of human need, Kate Soper Need the idea won't do - but we still need it, A.J. Culyer A taxonomy of social need, Jonathan Bradshaw. Part II The Needs of Children: A theory of human motivation, A.H. Maslow What do children need from parents?, Dora Black Pathways from childhood to adult life, Michael Rutter An ecological approach to social work with children and families, Gordon Jack. Part III Assessing the Needs of Individual Children: The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note, Robert Goodman Classification of child and adolescent psychopathology, Dennis P. Cantwell Reflections on the assessment of outcomes in child care, Roy Parker Single case evaluation methods: review and prospects, Brian Sheldon. Part IV Measuring the Needs of Child Populations: Why do levels of human welfare vary across nations?, Ian Gough and Theo Thomas Auditing social needs, Janie Percy-Smith Mapping the needs of children in need, Michael Preston-Shoot and Veronica Wigley The background of children who enter local authority care, Andrew Bebbington and John Miles Child poverty and needs based budget allocation, D. Gordon and F. Loughran Mapping the data needed to plan integrated services: a case study of children's' services in one locality, Nick Axford, Jill Madge, Louise Morpeth and Jo Pring. Part V Towards Meeting Children's Needs: Needs, numbers, resources: informed planning for looked after children, Karin Janzon and Ruth Sinclair A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct orders: the FAST Track Program, Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group Prevention and early intervention with children in need: definitions, principles and examples of good practice, Michael Little Measuring outcomes in the 'new' children's services, Nick Axford

Language is the primary semiotic tool for representing and negotiating social reality, and it is thus at the centre of social and political life. Among its myriad social and political functions is to position speakers relative to a wide variety of phenomena including co-present interlocutors, the activities in which speakers are engaged, and various dimensions of the wider world, including social identity categories and their relative value. To speak is thus to position oneself in the social world, i.e. to engage in identity practices (cf. Le Page and Tabouret-Keller 1985).

The need to pay attention to context has been a prominent theme in research on human development. Nevertheless, the empirical reality of the immediate context within which individuals develop has been largely ignored in research on human development. Therefore, my “one wish” is that the field begin to take seriously the processes that operate in the everyday social world. Doing so will help clarify three key principles: advance understanding: 1) diversity in developmental outcomes is largely socially organized; 2) “bi-directional” individual-context interactions are generally asymmetrical; 3) individuals are producers not only of themselves but also of the social world. While it shapes the development of individuals, the social world is also a human creation. These insights can assist developmental research in efforts to broaden its concern to focus on issues of social justice and the analysis of science itself as part of the social world, with cultural, political and ideological dimensions.

Sophie, Greta, Cuiyuan, and Feminist Desire

This chapter explores lived experiences within local communities as settings of socialisation; offering insights into participants’ social worlds in which isolation, poverty, and limited opportunities to self-actualise are ordinary. It is within this context that participants’ community orientation develops and—at the same time—shapes their outcomes. Orientation is appreciated from the point of view of the developmental-psychologist Gordon Neufeld. It is a fundamental human need and basal instinct that underlies individuals’ sense of safety, presence, and belonging to a wider social group that occupies a geographic space; that is, a local community.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate and develop the author's model of the structure of the life world of a modern person based on the analysis of fundamental sociophilosophical ideas about the structuring of the human life world. The scientific novelty consists in generalizing the views of various representatives of the phenomenological direction on the human life world and structuring the life world of a modern person, taking into account such factors as the socio-biological nature of a person, the multidimensional nature of the human psyche and the peculiarities of the space of everyday life of a modern person. As a result, it is proved that the structure of the life world of a modern person is nothing more than a three-component system formed by the "objective world", reflecting the biological essence of a person and the experience of scientific research accumulated by mankind, the "social world", reflecting the social essence of a person and the moral and ethical norms developed by mankind, the" inner world", reflecting the peculiarities of the functioning of the human psyche in cognitive, emotional, evaluative and behavioral aspects.

William James, Radical Empiricism, and the Affective Ground of Religious Life

Relational Identities and Other-Than-Human Agency in Archaeology

Anna Craft, a leading researcher on creativity and education, described a condition that many of us have watched accelerate: “Creativity is an important element of the zeitgeist in the early twenty-first century, worldwide” (2005, p. ix), encompassing discourses on genius and individualism, democracy and politics, the social good, technological advances and educational practice, among others (Banaji, Burn, & Buckingham, 2006 as cited in Craft, 2010). It is important to note just how distinctive our times are in this regard. The ancient world did not subscribe to a psychological view of creativity, and during the Middle Ages in Europe in most places to assert that someone was creative would have been blasphemous (Weiner, 2000). God created. People only made things. In other words, we do not need a psychological concept of creativity to write great literature, develop philosophies, lay the foundations of democracy or build beautiful temples and cathedrals. In addition, the idea of “creating” or being “creative” retained implications of the dangers as well as the promises that come with change until the late nineteenth century. Then a wholly positive view of creativity largely eclipsed its negative connotations as dangerous, hubristic and potentially destructive (Mason, 2003). Since creativity came to be viewed as almost wholly positive, its importance has steadily grown. In particular, an ever-broader range of creativity theories in psychology and sociology have contributed to the creativity zeitgeist. There is a consensus definition of creativity in social science: producing something novel and of value in a context. As it turns out, though, that definition is just a starting point for a wide range of controversies. Early psychological views of creativity included sublimated infantile desires (Freud’s views of the sources of creative ideas and motivations), sudden restructuring of perception (Gestalt views of insight) and the traits of divergent thinking (ideational flexibility, fluency and originality). Then the humanistic psychologists argued that creativity was the expression of a universal self-actualizing drive and its development was necessary to be a “fully functioning person” (Rogers, 1969, p. 278). Since the cognitive revolution in the mid-twentieth century, psychologists have developed a range of cognitive views from creativity as systemic evolution of thought (Gruber & Wallace, 1999; Wallace & Gruber, 1989) to creativity as decision making (Sternberg, 2003; Sternberg & Lubart, 1991) to creativity as a cognitive variation-selection process (Simonton, 1999). Meanwhile, sociocultural theorists have gone beyond the individual to locate creativity within the dynamics of the social and material worlds (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997, 1999; Glaveanu, 2014b; Sawyer, 2010). This Cambrian explosion of creativity theories has contributed to a conceptually rich and socially powerful concept within culture. At the same time, the proliferation of theories put the very social scientists who developed them in an increasingly fragmented field without a clearly defined subject of interest. These theorists regularly decry the fact that we do not have a clear view of what we are studying. As another leading creativity researcher, Teresa Amabile, and her associates described well: “Creativity researchers are often accused of not knowing what they are talking about” (Amabile et al., 1996, p. 19).