New fungi species for Azerbaijani nature

The established network of localities of the Republic of Azerbaijan despite the relatively small territory of the Republic (86.6 thousand square kilometres) includes all the types of settlements - from narrow-profile villages and small towns to multifunctional big cities (Ganja, Sumgait) and the largest city of Baku. The network of populated areas of the Republic of Azerbaijan consists of 60 cities, 125 urban-type villages and 4,256 settlements which allows considering it due to enough density, as the basis for the formation of prospective settlement. In the context of the rapid recovery of the agricultural economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan significant changes are taking place in the network of rural settlements consisting of a settlement of different industrial specialization. Work is underway to reorganize the existing dispersed network of rural settlements based on selected promising villages, a system of large comfortable rural settlements of the republic is being created. Today, the trends of inter-settlement ties between the population of the villages of Azerbaijan and the centres of social amenities and agro-industrial production that predeterminate in general terms the urban planning directions of the transformation of rural settlements of the Republic are increasingly evident. Therefore, in the conditions of Azerbaijan, certain difficulties arise in the urban planning order, which must be overcome in the foreseeable future. The experience of construction in the Republic of Azerbaijan shows that the development of cities and inhabited settlements systems is a process that can be consciously and purposefully influenced by society. Improving the management of the urban development of the Republic is a necessary condition for realizing the advantages and opportunities of the developed society in further improving the working, living and recreation conditions of people. Based on the above, at the present stage of development of the historically established settlement of the Republic of Azerbaijan, it seems necessary to take into account the importance of a comprehensive solution of urban development problems and the need to develop provisions that contain the real prerequisites for their consistent implementation. The transformation of the resettlement of the Republic of Azerbaijan is aimed at achieving several basic goals, predetermined by the steadily expanding practise of modern construction and the prospects for developing a network of populated places in the republic. The first main purpose of the transformation of the settlement of the Republic of Azerbaijan is to create urban planning prerequisites for the formation of a republican perspective system of inhabited places ensuring the best living conditions and comprehensive human development. This is the main social goal of prospective settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan. The second main goal of the transformation of the settlement of the Republic of Azerbaijan is aimed at creating urban planning prerequisites and conditions of the settlement, actively contributing to further rational development and placement of productive forces of the Republic. This is the main economic goal of prospective settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan. The third main goal of the transformation of the settlement of the Republic of Azerbaijan. This main ecological goal of prospective settlement in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan is determined by the need to maintain ecological balance and preserve a favourable natural environment in different regions of the Republic, meeting the needs in a healthy natural environment, in creating an optimal microclimate in attractive landscapes. By the goals, results of the state analysis and the conditions for the transformation of resettlement in the Republic of Azerbaijan, the main options for the development of the regional system of populated areas of the republic for the long term are proposed. The development options are based on the concept of formation of group systems of settlements (GSS), which provides for a systematic transition from relatively separate autonomous development of cities and villages of the Republic to their interconnected spatial development.

The research is based on the preliminary data of atmospheric precipitation covering the years 1981-2023 of about 70 hydrometeorological stations operating in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Using mathematical, statistical and cartographic methods in the analysis, attention was paid to the monthly, seasonal, multi-year and surface precipitation trends. In order to determine the impact of climate changes on the precipitation regime, a comparative analysis of the precipitation amount indicators of 1981-2010 and the corresponding indicators of 2011-2022 was conducted. Studies show that the amount of atmospheric precipitation has decreased by 5% (24 mm) in the territory of Azerbaijan in 2011-2023. 60% of the 10 years with the lowest multiyear precipitation are from 1989 and later. The effects of climate changes on the air temperature and atmospheric precipitation regime in the territory of Azerbaijan include the change of the traditional climate regime, the expansion of the semi-desert and dry-desert landscape in the front mountainous areas, the shift of the green landscape, the replacement of forests with forest thickets (mainly 900-1100 m), altitude up to 1000 m causes a sharp increase in the amount of possible evaporation in the area and deepening of environmental crises such as drought.

Objectiveto show the instability of an epizootic situation on rabies casesof animals in the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the example of thecases analysis in Electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance System(EIDSS) electronic reporting systemIntroductionRabies is an infectious disease which was and remains to be oneof the most serious diseases of all species of hematothermal animalsand humans, in many regions of the world. The epizootic situation onrabies in the Republic of Azerbaijan has been unfavorable for manyyears, which is confirmed by scientific data and the veterinary casesreporting in the EIDSS system. This system was introduced in thecountry in 2009 and is the electronic System of disease control. Theprogram allows to provide monitoring and prevention of diseaseswithin the concept “One World - One Health System” by integrationof systems of observation of animal diseases, human diseases, anddisease carriers.MethodsOn the basis of the data on rabies cases entered in special formsand also aggregative data collected on anti-rabies vaccination, theanalysis of information on quantity of cases and their prevalence onadministrative and territorial units (rayons) of the country is carriedout. The graphical analysis (charts and the map) on the basis ofnecessary criteria are constituted in the analyses module, visualizationof the AVR reporting and in the Microsoft Excel program.ResultsThe analysis of the rabies cases confirmed at the Virologydepartment of the Republican Veterinary Laboratory shows thatrabies has been identified in 36 cases in 2015, 25 cases in January- June, 2016, in total 61 cases has been registered for the periodof “January 2015 – June 2016”. An epizootologically unfavorablesituation is revealed in 27 regions. The most unfavorable situation isthe northwest regions of the country, the most part of which is coveredwith mountainy-forest area with domination of wild fauna. Specificstructure of animals: dogs – 31 cases in 19 areas (51%), cattle – 21cases in 12 areas (34%), a small cattle-1 case (2%), wild animals(specify types) - 8 cases in 8 areas (13%) that is visually shown oncharts 1 and 2. The cattle were bitten by wolves and jackals.ConclusionsThus, prevalence of rabies cases of different species of animalsin the country, once again proves natural and focal character of thedisease: the reservoir of rabies is in the wild nature and geographicalconditions impact the spread of rabies.Cases of rabies in animals are registered annually. In 2015,vaccination captured about 250000 dogs, and 244400 dogs werevaccinated in the first 6 months of 2016. Despite a huge group ofvaccinations, restriction of rabies spread isn’t observed and thetendency is trending to the increase of rabies case indicators amongstthe dogs.It is necessary to pay close attention to preventive vaccination ofdomestic (including non-productive) animals. If materiel resourcesare available, it is possible to carry out the vaccination of the cattlein the territories adjacent to the forests. In the threatened territorieswith woodlands, there is no alternative to oral vaccinations, whichis confirmed by positive experience of many countries. There is anextreme need of carrying out of oral vaccination of wild carnivorousanimals with obligatory control of the immune status.

The article examines anthropological materials from burials at the settlement of Khynysly (Shamakhi region) – ancient Shamakhi – which mainly belong to the period of Antiquity, with the exception of one female skull of the Early Bronze Age. The craniological material consists of 9 skulls of varying degrees of preservation. A female skull from an Early Bronze Age burial belongs to a representative of the Mediterranean race. The burials of the Khynysly necropolis, from which the skulls were studied, belong to the types of funerary monuments of Caucasian Albania: ground, jar, and pit. On some skulls it was possible to determine the anthropological type. In particular, the skulls from ground burials (No. 28, 49, 53) belong to the Caspian anthropological type; the male skull from pit burial No. 14 belonged to a representative of the Mediterranean race. Regarding the anthropological type of the female skull from jar burial No. 60, it also belonged to the Mediterranean race; however, it is possible that Mongoloid characteristics are also recorded on it. The female skull from the museum collection of the Scientific Fund and Exposition department of the Institute of archaeology and anthropology of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences belongs to the southern branch of the Caucasoid race; however, an admixture of the northern race is also possible. Probably, the features “alien” for the population of Albania (Mongoloid, northern) can be explained by contacts with the Sarmatians and/or Huns or their residence on the territory of Azerbaijan at the time under study. Beshik unintentional deformation was noted on some skulls from Khynysly, a tradition of which in this part of Azerbaijan dates back to the Early Bronze Age. The population of Khynysly in ancient times was mainly autochthonous in origin, and archaeological materials do not contradict this. Various pathologies were identified on the skulls, as well as discrete signs.

Tarih yazıcılığının gelişimini önemli ölçüde etkileyen alanlardan biri olarak millî tarih yazıcılığı ulusların siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel hayatının önemli olaylarının kayda alınmasının ötesinde, özellikle son iki yüzyılda siyasal varoluşun ve kültürel kimlik oluşturmanın en etkin aracı olmuştur. Azerbaycan’da milli tarih yazıcılığı son yüzyılda ideolojik, politik ve kültürel değerleri bir-birinden farklı Azerbaycan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (1918-1920), Azerbaycan Sovyet Sosyalist Respublikası (1920-1991) ve Azerbaycan Respublikası (1991- ) dönemlerini yaşamıştır. Azerbaycan’ın 71 senelik sovyet ve 25 yıllık bağımsızlık dönemi araştırmanın dönemsel sınırlarını oluşturacaktır. Bütün uluslar gibi Azerbaycan Türkleri’nin de tarihi diğer uluslarla askeri, politik, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel etkileşime bağlı olarak gelişmiştir. Bu bağlamda Azerbaycan’ın millî tarih yazıcılığı açısından Türkiye, diğer devletlerle kıyaslanamayacak kadar önemli tarihi figür olmuştur. Selçuklu ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti gibi öncesi ve sonrası da önem arzetmekle birlikte, Osmanlı döneminde Türkiye, Azerbaycan tarihinin bizzat içinde rol almıştır. Araştırmanın başlıca amacı Azerbaycan tarihçiliğinde Osmanlı imajının tespit edilerek millî tarih yazıcılığında dönemlerarası süreklilik ve değişikliğin karşılıklı analiz edilmesidir. Gerek sovyet, gerekse bağımsızlık dönemi Azerbaycan’da okullarda Eğitim Bakanlığı’nca tek tip ve zorunlu olarak okutulan tarih ders kitapları araştırmanın başlıca kaynaklarını oluşturacaktır. Azerbaycan tarihçiliğinin bağımsızlık öncesi ve sonrası dönemlerinde Osmanlı algısı, bazen siyasi ve derslik yazarlarının kimliği gibi bireysel faktörlere bağlı olarak kendi içinde homojenlik arzetmediği için her dönemin kendi içindeki değişikliğin iz sürümü de sovyet ve post-sovyet dönemlerin farklı senelerinde yayınlanmış ders kitaplarından tespit edilecektir. Ders kitaplarının yanısıra, Azerbaycan tarihçiliğinin her iki dönemle ilgili belli-başlı eserlerinden bütünlüğün sağlanması ve karşılaştırma amacıyla yararlanılacaktır.

The subject of the study is an archaeological discovery of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC), a gold plaque-falar from the village of Shakhtakhty, Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The article provides a historical-typological and semantic-semiotic analysis of this piece of horse equipment made in a complex jewelry technique from thin gold foil with solar-zoomorphic symbols. The given structural-semantic analysis of its individual solar elements - circles, concentric circles, and a pictorial composition in the shape of four sheep's heads arranged swastically. In the celestial signs-codes of the golden falar, it seems possible to detect the worship of the sun, the cult of gold, nature, totems and ancestors, which is extremely closely associated with it. Celestial semantics is viewed through the paradigm of mythological and cosmogonic ideas of the population of a given cultural and historical area. The golden falar was found in a horse burial, which reflects the local traditions of their veneration. The sacralization of the horse occurred with the help of special ceremonies with its inherent symbols. The horse cult was widespread in the civilizations of many nations of the Caucasus, East and Central Asia, testifies to the emergence and consolidation of cultural innovations during the intensification of migration in this cultural and historical area. This historical resource – a jewelry item of the Bronze Age and rich funerary gifts combined with a ritual horse burial allows us to conclude about the appearance of early civilizations on the territory of Azerbaijan, as well as the emergence of a class of society, the development of jewelry craft and interaction and mutual enrichment of cultures during this period

Thoughts on politics and political relations originated in the territory of Azerbaijan in ancient times and have undergone a great evolution. Factors that are very different, and sometimes even contradict each other, have played and continue to play an important role in its emergence and activity. The political system of the Republic of Azerbaijan is political in nature, reflecting the characteristics of the national and historical context. Like all post-Soviet states, the political system of the Republic of Azerbaijan feels a certain influence of the Soviet political system. With the adoption of the new Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the establishment of the parliament on the basis of the first multi-party system, the formation of the political system of Azerbaijan was legally completed on November 12, 1995. Key words: state, political system, society, government, activity

In the 1980s, the archaeological culture of the same name was discovered in the Karabakh region of Azerbaijan during excavations of the Chalcolithic settlement of Leilatepe. Since the early 21st century, thanks to the expansion of archaeological explorations, numerous settlements and tombs belonging to the Leilatepe culture have been discovered in the western region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, in Karabakh, Mughan and Gabala, and extensive excavations have been carried out in many of them. It has been established that the Leilatepe culture emerged in the Late Chalcolithic period, end of the 5th millennium BC - beginning of the 4th millennium BC as a result of mass migrations from Eastern Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia to the South Caucasus. This culture lasted until the mid of the 4th millennium BC. With some exceptions, monuments belonging to this culture were mainly discovered in the territory of Azerbaijan. As a result of continued migrations from the Leilatepe culture area to the North Caucasus, the Maikop culture with the same ceramic traditions was formed there. Among the main indicators of the Leilatepe culture, the use of the potter's wheel in ceramic production and the infant burials in various types of pottery vessels can be especially noted. One of the most extensively excavated monuments belonging to this culture is the Galayeri settlement. The richest finds of the Leilatepe culture were discovered precisely in Galayeri. In all the monuments where extensive excavations were carried out related to this culture, child graves in pottery vessels were discovered. Such graves of the monuments belonging to the Leilatepe culture were mostly found in Galayeri.

The purpose of the article is to assess innovation activity taking into account the role of innovation in the economic development of the region. As the object of the study, the authors took 10 economic regions, grouped according to their economic characteristics on the territory of Azerbaijan. This paper reviewed international experience in assessing innovation activities taking into account regional characteristics. In the article, as a result of the analysis of the factors determining innovative activity, factors suitable for Azerbaijan were selected. The region's innovative activity was assessed taking into account international criteria for calculating the innovation index. As a result, it can be used when calculating the innovation index of the Republic of Azerbaijan, when assessing regional economic development based on the innovation factor.

Background. Air temperature observation data covering the years 1981–2022 of about 70 hydrometeorological stations operating in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan were used in the study. In order to determine the influence of climate changes on the air temperature regime, the results of 1981–2010 were compared with the corresponding results of 2011–2022. Methods. In the study, the trend of monthly, seasonal and multiannual changes in air temperature was considered using mathematical, statistical and cartographic methods. Results. Studies show that the air temperature has increased by 0.90C at the country level. The positive anomaly has been reached to 1.3° C at the belt with an altitude of 2001–2500 m. The main high indicators were noted in highland regions. The temperature anomaly is in the range of 1.5–1.7° C, mostly in May and June months. Long-term temperature dynamics show that in 2001–2010 the temperature increase (0.057° C / 1 year) is observed. It was the warmest time during 1961–2022 comparing with previous decade. The results of the study can be used in the protection against climate changes, mitigation and studying the modern temperature regime. In addition, solar radiation can be used as an alternative energy source in flat areas where high air temperature indicators are observed. The results will be announced at the conference on climate change COP 29 (Conferences of the Parties), which will be held in Baku on November 11–22, 2024. Conclusions. The influence of climate changes in the air temperature regime in the territory of Azerbaijan will lead to the disruption of the traditional climate regime, the disappearance of the green landscape and expansion of semi-desert and arid landscape in the front mountainous areas, the increase of possible evaporation and the increasing of environmental crises such as drought at the 1000 m elevations. An increase in the radiation balance in Nakhchivan province may worsen the continentality of the climate type here. The increase in temperature in the Kura depression province will create conditions for the expansion of the semi-desert-arid climate in the piedmonts of the Greater Caucasus Mountains.

The article is devoted to the problems of education in the German colonies of Azerbaijan in the 1920s–30s. Regional and national features of the organization of education in the German colonies of Azerbaijan during the period under review are identifies on the basis of analysis of numerous documents from the collections of the State Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the State Historical Archive of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia and the State Archive of Krasnodar Krai, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and on the basis of results of the author’s research into the history of school affairs in the German colonies of Azerbaijan and some other regions of the Caucasus. The author analyzes the causes of these specific features and shows that the German colonies that existed in the territory of Azerbaijan for more than 120 years achieved great success in their socio-economic, socio-political, and cultural life, which was greatly facilitated by skillful organization of national education. The article briefly describes the stages of formation and development of schools in the German colonies of Azerbaijan in the period from the early 19th century to the end of the 1930s. The evolution of methods of school work in the colonies is retraced, and it is been established that the German schools in Azerbaijan went a difficult historical path. It is noted that before the 1920, that is, before the establishment of Soviet rule, the problems of German schools were mostly of a material nature. In the 1920s and 1930s these problems were partially solved, and it can be stated that in material terms, the German schools of Azerbaijan reached the highest level in their development during these years. The article notes that the Soviet government financially supported German schools, but in return the colonists’ schools went under the constantly growing ideological control the purpose of which was to turn schools into centers of Bolshevism propaganda. It is established that the main role in the sovietization of German schools was to be played by teachers who were to pursue the policy of the party and the government and fight against the church, the colonist community, and the family, which were bastions of Germanism in the view of party functionaries. Based on the analysis of archival documents, it is shown that at the end of the 1930s, the German schools in Azerbaijan did not comply with the desired level of sovietization. The process of training pro-Soviet teachers from among the Germans was slow, and in 1941, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, it was terminated. The national schools of the German colonies ceased to exist in the territory of Azerbaijan, and the entire German population was deported.

The article presents the results of a study of the mallow genus — Malva L. characteristic of the meadow vegetation of the Ganja-Gazakh region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. From 11 species of the genus Malva L. distributed on the territory of Azerbaijan, 4 species (Malva sylvestris L., Malva nicaeensis All., Fl. Pedem, Malva pusilla Sm., Malva parviflora L.) are found in the Ganja-Gazakh region. The species M. parviflora was first identified by us in this territory. The species M. parviflora and M. sylvestris are not widely distributed in this territory. The structure of populations of M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species was studied. 7 populations in which M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species are distributed were phytocoenological evaluated. 3 cenopopulations in which the species M. nicaeensis is common were evaluated in different years. All groups of plant ontogenesis are found in the studied populations. It was found that in different years in the populations of these two species of the genus mallow, recovery is weak, and aging is intense. During the analysis of the population structure, reproduction indices — Ib and aging — Iq were determined, which are important population indicators. The integral characteristic of the demographic structure of M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species is determined, the populations are estimated, the composition, age (height) and the degree of effectiveness of their ontogenesis are studied. The dynamics of changing ontogenesis in the cenopopulations of M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species in various environmental conditions, depending on the positive or negative influence of its factors on the structure of ontogenesis, is revealed.

Medieval fortifications, fortified settlements and castles were absolutely important part of history. In last decade archaeologists were led scientific researches in different parts of Azerbaijan Republic, studied different type of fortresses and fortifications. Medieval fortresses of Azerbaijan were built at strategical geographical areas. Our article dedicated to some medieval fortresses which studied during archaeological excavations. Azerbaijani castles and fortresses which built in the middle ages were historically and architecturally important for national defensive history. Azerbaijani archaeologists investigated at the medieval castles and the results of some researches were concluded in this article. Fortifications, which have an important place among the medieval monuments of Azerbaijan, were the main object of research in the monograph. For the first time, medieval fortification-type monuments were systematically classified and studied according to this classification. The defensive structures built during this period to prevent various attacks and to protect the territorial integrity of the country are distinguished by their grandeur. Among the fortified monuments of Azerbaijan, settlements and fortified cities with defensive walls, defensive walls, towers, towers, guard posts, military camps, strategic mountain passes and passes of special importance have been scientifically studied in the article. The results of archaeological researches were coordinated with the information provided by written sources, important scientific results were obtained, a number of issues were clarified as a result of systematic study of the history of Azerbaijan and its defensive monuments. The results of the research show that the defense work was perfectly organized in the territory of Azerbaijan in the medieval period. In fact, the political situation in the region has made it necessary. The fact that such magnificent monuments of the local population have left us a monument has served as a kind of source for the study of the history, archaeology, architecture, martial arts and other historical issues of that period. The fortifications of Azerbaijan show the prosperity of its medieval architecture, too.

The work was designed to investigate the levels of a novel serotonin-modulating anticonsolidation protein (SMAP), which activity directly depends on serotonin level, and biomarker cytochrome P-450 in the liver, gills and brain of Alburnoides bipunctatus eichwaldi caught in Khudat, Agstafachay, Kura and Araz rivers running over the territory of Azerbaijan. Noticeable downregulation of cytochrome P-450 and SMAP was observed in the liver and gills of fish caught in Agstafachay river relatively to the values obtained for the fish from unpolluted Khudat river. The levels of cytochrome P-450 and SMAP in liver of fish from Kura and Araz rivers exhibited significant opposite changes: downregulation of cytochrome P-450 level vs. upregulation of SMAP level. In the brain of fish from Agstafachay river the cytochrome P-450 was found to be somewhat downregulated, whereas in the brain of fish from Kura and Araz rivers SMAP was significantly upregulated. The results obtained are analyzed from the standpoint of adaptation and disadaptation processes of water organisms to the effects of pollutants.

Походы монголов, начавшиеся с 1221 года и продолжавшиеся на протяжении XIII- XIV веков, привели к серьезным этно-политическим и экономическим изменениям на огромном евразийском пространстве. Не обошли стороной эти походы и Кавказ, в том числе территории современного Азербайджана. Северо-западные территории Азербайджана, отличавшиеся своей полиэтничностью, также подверглись серьезным изменениям. Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию этнических процессов, происходивших в северо-западных регионах Азербайджана под влиянием миграций, вызванных монгольскими походами в XIII-XIV веках. Автором представлена попытка на основе письменных источников и топонимов монгольского периода на территории северо-западных районов Азербайджана провести сравнительный анализ с соседними регионами и странами того же периода и определить влияние монгольских походов на процесс этногенеза как азербайджанского, так и других тюркских народов. В данной статье мы попытаемся проследить указанные процессы на основе сравнительного анализа данных письменных источников и топонимики региона. Для достижения поставленной цели автор обратился к данным грузинских, тюркских, русских и монгольских источников по исследуемому периоду. В написании статьи нами были использованы русские переводы указанных источников. Путем анализа и сопоставления всех вышеперечисленных материалов удалось создать сравнительно целостную картину влияния походов монголов на этнополитические процессы, происходившие в северо-западных регионах Азербайджана, являющихся неотъемлемой частью обширного евразийского пространства. Данные письменных источников и топонимики позволяют связать в единое целое процесс значительных миграций тюрко-монгольских племен на евразийской географии, протекавший в несколько этапов. В результате исследования были сделаны выводы о влиянии монгольских походов на этническую историю населения северо-западных регионов Азербайджана. В частности, на основе источников автором сделан вывод о том, что такие топонимы как Джалаир, Тангыт, Гораган, Гахмугал и этноним мугал являются отголосками монгольского периода в истории северо-западных регионов Азербайджана.