New data on aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) of the protected areas of the Leningrad Region. XIII. Complex natural monument “Sablinsky”

The paper provides the first data on aphyllophoroid fungi of planned protected areas «Lakes Anisimovskiye» (Kemppilä), «Vesenniy» and «Prigranichny» (Paatio) (Vyborg District, Leningrad Region). Among 107 species of fungi recorded for natural monument «Lakes Anisimovskiye» (А), 7 species are protected in the Lenin grad Region. Among 91 species of fungi recorded for natural monument «Vesenniy» (В), Athelia tenuispora and Hyphodermella corrugata are new for the Leningrad Region, and 10 species are protected in the Region. In a planned regional complex sanctuary «Prigranichny» (П) 69 species of aphyllophoroid fungi were found, including Tretomyces microsporus recorded for the first time in Russia, and 6 species protected in the Leningrad Region. New localities of Ganoderma lucidum from Red Data Book of Russian Federation (Krasnaya…, 2008) were found in the planned protected areas «Vesenniy» and «Prigranichny».

The nature of changes in the state of heat supply was studied based on empirical and statistical analysis of meteorological observation data. In the Arkhangelsk and Leningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia (northwest of the European part of Russia—NWER), the dynamics of average temperatures during the growing season have similar trends of a steady increase in the average temperature during the growing season in 1960–2021. This trend has been especially pronounced since the late 1990s. The indicators are stably correlated with each other for all regions. This allowed using the averaged model to analyze the relationship between temperature and biological processes in the region under consideration. The analysis included the construction of simple second-order deterministic models of temperature dynamics and the method of decomposition into empirical modes, which made it possible to identify low-frequency temperature fluctuations along the averaged curve based on local regression using the weighted linear least squares method and a second-degree polynomial model. Despite the increase in heat supply, a sharp decrease in the frequency of outbreaks of pine sawflies was established in 1998–2003, and then their complete absence in all subjects of NWER included Arkhangelsk, Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions, the republics of Karelia and Komi. The dynamics of outbreaks of pine sawflies is not associated with changes in heat supply. The possible absence of outbreaks in the 2000s of sawflies may be due to changes in the volume and structure of the food supply and subjective factors.

The paper provides the first data on aphyllophoroid fungi of the Natural Park «Toksovskiy» situated in Vsevolozhsk District of the Leningrad Region in the central part of the Karelian Isthmus. The list includes 165 species annotated by data on their habitats, substrates and frequency. Stereopsis vitellina (Plowr.) D. A. Reid is recorded for the first time for the Leningrad Region. The specimens of selected species are kept in the Mycological Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (LE).

The paper provides new data on aphyllophoroid fungi of the State Nature Reserve “Kurgalsky” situated in the Kingisepp District of the Leningrad Region. They were collected on the Kader bog and its vicinity. The list includes 165 species annotated by data on their habitats, substrates and frequency, including 37 species new for the reserve. In total 5 species (Antrodia mellita, Chaetoporellus latitans, Junghuhnia collabens, Rigidoporus crocatus, Sidera lenis) protected in the Leningrad Region and 3 species (Phlebia subserialis, Pseudomerulius montanus, Xenasma pruinosum) new for the Leningrad Region were found in study part of reserve. The specimens of selected species are kept in the Mycological Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (LE).

The paper provides the data on aphyllophoroid fungi of the State Nature Reserve «Kurgalsky» situated in the Kingisepp District of the Leningrad Region. The list includes 285 species annotated by data on their habitats, substrates and frequency. In total 25 species protected in the Leningrad Region and 3 species protected in Russian Federation were found in the protected area. Chaetodermella luna, Phlebia subochracea and Trechispora stevensonii are published for the first time for the Leningrad Region. The specimens of selected species are kept in the Mycological Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (LE).

The component composition of essential oils isolated from leaves of species such as Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. et Levier growing in Germany [1], H. dissectum Ledeb. growing in Mongolia [2] and Holland [3], H. spondylium L. growing in Italy [4], H. lehmannianum Bunge, H. ponticum (Lipsky) Schischk., H. stenenii Manden, and H. trachyloma Fisch. et C. A. Mey introduced to Leningrad Oblast [5–7] has been reported. Our goal was to study the component composition of essential oil from leaves of several Heracleum (Apiaceae) species introduced to Leningrad Oblast. Plants providing essential oil were grown at the scientific experimental station of Komarov Botanical Institute, RAS (Leningrad Oblast, Priozersk Region). Seeds for growing plants were collected in their natural habitat by I. F. Satsyperova and T. K. Perfilova [8]. Their initial herbarium specimens are stored in the corresponding sectors of the Botanical Institute Herbarium (LE). Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation from freshly collected leaves of H. aconitifolium Woronow, H. antasiaticum Manden., H. leskovii Grassh., H. mantegazzianum Somm. et Levier, H. voroschilovii Gorovoi, and H. wilhelmsii Fisch. et C. A. Mey [9]. The yields were 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.3%, respectively. Results from studies of the component composition of essential oils by GC and GC/MS have been published in detail by us earlier. They include retention times of identified compounds and the main peaks of experimental mass spectra [6, 10–13]. Table 1 lists the experimental results. The results for the studied species of the genus Heracleum show that each cow-parsnip had a unique characteristic set of compounds. Components such as -pinene, -pinene, limonene, p-cymene, and octylacetate were observed in all studied species. The most characteristic and/or prevalent (main, dominant) compounds in essential oil of leaves from different cowparsnip species within sections have not yet been found. Nevertheless, the component composition of essential oils from leaves of Heracleum species within sections were observed to be somewhat similar. However, the component composition of essential oils from the leaves varied so much (qualitatively and quantitatively) that it could not be used to resolve chemosystematic relationships among species of this genus.

The paper provides the data on aphyllophoroid fungi of the regional nature reserve “Orekhovsky” situated in the Priozersky and Vsevolozhsky districts of the Leningrad Region. Based on author’s research, 147 species of macromycetes of this group were recorded for the territory of the reserve, including the locations of protected in the Leningrad Region Junghuhnia collabens, J. pseudozilingiana and Rigidoporus crocatus. An annotated list of species with data on their habitats, substrates and frequency are presented. Hypochnicium cremicolor and Helicogloea subardosiaca are published for the first time for the Leningrad Region. Helicogloea subardosiaca are new for Russia. The specimens of some, including rare species are kept in the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (LE).

The danger of stem pests’ mass reproduction in the Leningrad Region and the Republic of Karelia is increasing. However, data on their populations’ state in the northwest of the European part of Russia are scarce and very heterogeneous. They include materials from articles and reviews of the sanitary and forest pathology state, which are in turn based on completely different methodological approaches to obtaining information. Generalisation and analysis of data on the increase in the number of stem pests that pose a danger to coniferous forest stands in the north-west of the European part of Russia, taking into account the materials of scientific reports and forest pathology monitoring, is an urgent task of this paper. The greatest danger to spruce stands is the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758), which forms large-scale centres of mass reproduction. The main factors causing the beginning of the formation of breeding centres are weather conditions (hurricane-force winds and the formation of windblows, an increase in the growing season temperature and a lack of precipitation). At the end of the 20th–beginning of the 21st century, the Leningrad R-egion saw an increase in frequency of the stem pests’ mass reproduction outbreaks, especially the European spruce bark beetle. Since the second half of the 20th century, breeding outbreaks have been also observed in the Republic of Karelia. In the Murmansk region, stem pests do not have a noticeable effect on the forest stands condition. These trends correspond to the temperature increase trends in the Leningrad region and Karelia and an insignificant temperature change in the Murmansk region. Additional nutrition for the pine beetles and sawyer beetles in cases of their mass reproduction is an underestimated factor in the forest stands weakening, which significantly affects the growth and condition of surrounding plantations. The appearance of invasive species, such as the small spruce bark beetle Ips amitinus (Eichhoff, 1872) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera), is a potential danger, but at present this species does not show significant activity in pine and spruce forests in the north of the European part of Russia.

Сommunities of Myrica gale L. (sweet gale), their ecology and geography in coastal mires of the Gulf of Finland within St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region on the Southeastern border of their range are described based on 70 relevés, made in 1981–2018. This species is included in the Red Data Books of Russia (2008), Leningrad Region (2018), St. Petersburg (2018), and Republic of Karelia (2007). The distribution of the communities in the studied area is as follows (Fig. 1) — the Yuntolovskiy reserve (the largest population), vicinity of the Lisiy Nos ­settlement, forest-park “Gagarka”, Tarkhovskiy Mys, Yuntolovskiy fo­rest-park (within St. Petersburg); vicinity of the Pesochnoe ­settlement, the Bolshoy Berye­zovyy Isl., near the port “Primorsk” (the Nor­thern coast of the Gulf of Finland) and the vicinity of Bolshaya Izhora ­settlement (Southern coast of the latter) in the Leningrad Region area. Communities are found mainly in coastal mires of various types (raised bogs, transitional mires, fens) in the place of former lagoons and in inter-dune depressions in different trophic conditions; most diverse in the last two. Communities are assigned into 12 associations, two of which with the shrub layer formed by Myrica gale. Sphagnetum myricosum galis is the most common association in transitional mires (Table 3). The communities are two-layers: Myrica gale shrub one and closed moss layer of Sphagnum species of diffe­rent ecological groups. The association is subdivided into 3 subassociations by dominanting Sphagnum species and groups of determinant species: sphagnosum angustifolii, sphagnosum flexuosi, and sphagnosum teretis. The communities of this association are located­ in newly formed mires, and their species composition is in the process of formation. These are succession stages between the fens and transitional mires. The ass. Myricetum caricosum lasiocarpae (table 4) includes communities of fens with close (50 to 80 %) Myrica gale shrub layer. Carex lasiocarpa is the dominant of the herb layer, in some communities there is the lower herb sublayer of Comarum palustre. There is no moss layer. Association Myricetum comaroso–betulosum with sparse Betula pubescens 5–12 m high tree layer is also recorded in fens (Table 4). Communities of the ass. Salicetum myricoso–paludiherbosum with the dominance of shrub willows and Myrica gale are rather widespread in coastal fens. They have closed (up to 100 %) shrub layer formed by various willows and M. gale. The composition and cover of paludal herbaceous species is variable, the only constant, sometimes abundant, species is Comarum palustre. The association is subdivided into 3 subassociations (salicosum phylicifoliae, salicosum phylicifoliae-myrsinifoliae and salicosum rosmarinifoliae-myrsinifoliae) according to the dominating willows and mire grasses. Besides the above associations with high abundance of Myrica gale, this species occurs with low abundance in the communities of other, often widespread mire associations, as their coastal variants (Tables 2–4). The discussed community types in the Leningrad Region and St. Petersburg have regional features and differ in species composition from the sweet gale communities of Western and Northern Europe. Due to the rarity in the European part of Russia communities with both low abundance and dominance of Myrica gale need protection as well as their habitats.

There are historical settlements in the Leningrad Region that have high historical and cultural potential, unique landscapes and require the formation of a special urban development policy. One of these is the territory of the town of Koltushi in the Vsevolozhsk District of the Leningrad Region. The purpose of the study is to identify the natural resource potential of the territory and develop recommendations for the formation of a green framework for the town of Koltushi in the Leningrad Region. The organization of a green framework not only meets the needs of society, but is also a necessary element for the development of the city. The study identified and analyzed the features of the natural resource potential of the town of Koltushi, the main natural cores of which are: the specially protected natural area "Natural Monument "Koltushi Heights", the territory of the Scientific Town of Physiologist I.P. Pavlov and forest parks. The "green" fabric of the city consists of seven main public spaces. The ecological connections of the city are provided through a system of green corridors that connect the ecological cores and the green fabric. In terms of the tourism component, there are 11 key points of attraction for tourists in the Koltushi settlement. Stagnating and unused territories have also been identified: forest parks, parks, squares, alleys and other green spaces, which are promising green areas for public use. As a result of the SWOT analysis, the weaknesses and strengths of the natural resource potential of the territory, opportunities and threats have been identified. Proposals have been developed for the formation of a green framework for the town of Koltushi, focusing on preserving the unique natural landscape, creating buffer zones for specially protected natural areas, forming a transport framework and functional zoning, improving the living environment by moving treatment facilities out of the center of the settlement and determining the optimal parameters for the development of residential areas. In the course of the work, new functional zones were identified and existing zones in the current General Plan were detailed.

New records of 29 rare moss species of Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad Region are given. One new species for Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad Region (Schistidium papillosum Culm.) and two very rare species (Myurella julacea (Schwagr.) Bruch et al. and Hennediella heimii (Hedw.) R. H. Zander) are found. New data on 6 moss species included in the regional Red Data Book are obtained.

The wild nature monument "184-year-old oak tree in the village of Irinovka" (Leningrad oblast, Russia), better known in local historical literature as "Irinovsky Oak," was officially opened in 2013. It is represented by a separate pedunculate oak tree (Quercus robur), planted in 1829 and preserved in satisfactory condition at 194 years of age. This paper presents data from a survey of the shoot system of the tree investigated. A total of 12 fungal species were registered (Cladosporium herbarum, Colpoma quercinum, Coryneum depressum, Diatrypella quercina, Erysiphe alphitoides, Hyphoderma setigerum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Mar-chandiomyces corallinus, Peniophora quercina, Trichoderma viride, Sphaerulina quercicola, Vuilleminia comedens). The lichenicolous species Marchandiomyces corallinus was reported as a new find to the Leningrad oblast. It was shown that the shoot system of the tree investigated is associated with a complex of Quercus robur-adapted and coadapted species, among which such necrotrophs as Sphaerulina quercicola and Coryneum depressum and such pathogenic saprotrophs as Vuilleminia comedens and Colpoma quercinum, as well as saprotrophs (Diatrypella quercina, Peniophora quercina), dominated. This species complex ensures a continuous process of the crown's thinning.

The wild nature monument “184-year-old oak tree in the village of Irinovka” (Leningrad region, Russia), better known in local history literature as “Irinovsky Oak”, was officially opened in 2013. It is represented by a separate pedunculate oak tree (Quercus robur), planted in 1829 and preserved in satisfactory condition at 194 years of age. This paper presents data from a survey of the shoot system of the tree investigated, carried out on August 4, 2022. A total of 12 fungal species were registered (Cladosporium herbarum, Colpoma quercinum, Coryneum depressum, Diatrypella quercina, Erysiphe alphitoides, Hyphoderma setigerum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Marchandiomyces co-rallinus, Peniophora quercina, Trichoderma viride, Sphaerulina quercicola, Vuilleminia comedens). The lichenicolous species Marchandiomyces corallinus was reported as new find to the Leningrad region. It was shown that the shoot system of the tree investigated is associated with a complex of Quercus robur-adapted and co-adapted species, among which such necrotrophs as Sphaerulina quercicola and Coryneum depressum, and pathogenic saprotroph as Vuilleminia comedens, as well as saprotrophs (Diatrypella quercina, Peniophora quercina) are dominated. This species complex ensures a continuous process of the crown self-thinning.

The extensive damage to elms by Dutch elm disease agents and their hybrids in northwestern Russia

The paper provides the first data on aphyllophoroid fungi of planned protected area “Kurenniemi” situated in the Vyborg District of the Leningrad Region (European Russia). The list includes 164 species annotated by data on their habitats, substrates, and frequency. Antrodiella leucoxantha, Hydnum umbilicatum, and Hyphodontia floccosa are published for the first time for the Leningrad Region. The specimens are kept in the Mycological herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (LE).