Abstract
Improved finite-element formulations are presented for dynamic analysis. The improvements are based on modifications of the finite-element mass-matrix and are of high importance, since no additional computational effort is required, compared with the necessary effort for the standard, consistent mass-matrix formulation. Formulations are presented for the one-dimensional bar, two-dimensional membrane, and the pure bending beam element. Free vibration analysis and forced vibration results are presented employing new mass matrices. In general, the frequency errors and stress errors are at least three times smaller than the corresponding consistent or lumped-mass formulation errors. Accurate model data can be achieved for all the modes of relatively coarse meshes.
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