Neurite outgrowth traced by means of horseradish peroxidase inherited from neuronal ancestral cells in frog embryos

Abstract

Outgrowing neurites in Xenopus embryos were labeled with horseradish peroxidase which had been injected into a single blastomere at the 32-cell stage and had been inherited by all the descendants, including neurons. Neurite outgrowth was traced from labeled trigeminal ganglion cells and most or all types of neurons present in the spinal cord at embryonic stages 20–30: primary motoneurons, commissural, dorsal longitudinal, ventral longitudinal, and Rohon-Beard neurons. All types of nerve fibers grew by the most direct pathway, apparently without errors of initial outgrowth, pathway selection, or target selection. An initial transient phase of outgrowth of filopodial processes from neuronal cell bodies and shafts of short neurites was observed which disappeared after further elongation of the neurites. The first pioneer fibers grew out from all types in a 2-hr period, from stage 20 to 22, and these fibers arrived at the targets within 3.5 hr after initial outgrowth. Additional fibers grew later in contact with the pioneers to form fascicles. Nerve fibers elongated without branching until they neared or contacted their targets. The rate of elongation at 20°C was 30–75 μm/hr. The rapid, unbranched, error-free initial outgrowth and elongation of neurites to their targets is discussed in relation to theories of development of nerve pathways.