Neue Inschriften aus dem Museum von Eskişehir

The mound of Kulluoba lies within the boundaries of the administrative district of Seyitgazi in the Province of Eskisehir. Settlement phases with in the mound represent a time period which extends at least from the late Chalcolithic Period to the very end of the Early Bronze Age (the end of the EB III, ca. 1800 BC). Excavations at the site, begun in 1996 under the direction of Turan Efe of the Department of Protohistory and Near Eastern Archaeology at Istanbul University, have so far concentrated on the eastern and western cones of the large, sprawling mound 200x150m across. Stratigraphy in the western sector has revealed a cultural continuum from the end of Late Chalcolithic times to the beginnings of the EB II period. Especially of significance here is the settle­ment plan from the period transitional to the Early Bronze Age; it resembles M. Korfmann's Ana­tolian Settlement Plan as revealed at Demircihuyuk. Its occurence here at Kulluoba, however, rep­resents an even earlier period. The pottery on this western cone clearly displays a gradual transi­tion from the Late Chalolithic throughout the whole of the EB I period. EB II and EB III strata have been investigated in the eastern sector of the mound, where evidence for the existence of an acropolis and a lower city as early as the EB II period bears considerable impact on Anatolian prehistory. A zigzag fortification wall lined with residences along the interi­or encloses the upper city. An eastern gate in these fortifications has been unearthed, with a small court inside leading into an open area. Directly across this plaza or square the visitor was met by a palace complex-a megaron flanked by two longitudinally adjoining megaroid structures, most li­kely the residence of the local ruler. There is also evidence of Independent Megara upon this ac­ropolis. The layout of tire upper city would seem to represent an amalgamation of the Demircihuyuk settlement plan with the plans of the cities of die North Aegean. The EB III pottery found at Kulluoba exhibits the typical western anatolian repertory of the age. Two foot-shaped stamp seals from EB II and III strata at Kulluoba emphasize the importance of trade. It is most particularly such finds from the EB and EB III periods at Kulluoba that bear wit­ness to the overland trade that passed over the Eskisehir plain between Cilicia to the southeast and the Northern Aegean to the west.

The use of Latin in the multilingual society of Roman Egypt was never more than marginal. Yet, as a language of the ruling power, the Roman Empire, Latin enjoyed to some extent a privileged status. It was generally more widely applied in the army, as well as on some official occasions, and in the field of law. Less expectably, various Latin inscriptions on stone had religious contents or were found in sacred spaces and contexts. Such texts included honorary and votive inscriptions, visitors’ graffiti, and funerary inscriptions. All three groups are surveyed and evaluated focusing especially on their actual relation to the religious sphere and social background, noting both continuity and changes of existing practices and traditions. Such analysis of the inscriptions allows to draw conclusions not only regarding the use of Latin in religious matters in Egypt but also reveal some aspects of the use of Latin in Egypt in general and the role of Roman culture in the Egyptian society.

This thesis explores the representation of Latin occupational titles in Spanish ports and production centres in the first three centuries CE. It aims to provide a better understanding of the individuals who both worked in Spanish communities during the Roman period and engaged in Roman-influenced epigraphic culture, now often referred to as the epigraphic habit. It does this by studying the ways in which Latin occupational titles were used in official, honorific, and funerary inscriptions set up in the Spanish provinces in the Early Imperial Period. This thesis identifies the range of occupational titles represented in the inscriptions from selected major ports and production areas in Spain, and surveys these inscriptions in order to identify the ways in which workers were represented. In the analysis of these representations, a number of questions are addressed: whether these inscriptions were used for a particular purpose, whether they represent particular groups of people, whether Latin occupational titles enabled workers to engage in social competition, and whether they reflect different political contexts or economic practices. The thesis first surveys and explores the range of occupational terms used in the Latin inscriptions from a selection of ports and production centres which have survived to the present day. After addressing the state of affairs in the Roman West during the first three centuries CE and the vital role that workers provided at this time, the first chapter presents the results of a survey which sought to collect Latin inscriptions in selected ports and production centres which contain a Latin occupational term. A total of 107 inscriptions across fourteen ports and eleven production sites across Roman Spain were identified. These inscriptions are then discussed on the basis of their geographical location and the occupational term contained which is represented. The second chapter of this thesis provides a deeper analysis of the inscriptions in relation to the themes of purpose, gender, and status. In doing so, this thesis discusses the predominance of funerary inscriptions and the different scenarios which Latin occupational inscriptions appear. A particular focus is given to the representation of women, many of whom were identified as commemorators and in positions of influence in relation to working activities. This second part also provides a comparison of the major urban capitals of Tarraco and Corduba in order to explore and analyse the effects that political events, economic wealth, social competition, and the natural environment could have in the representation of working activities. It was found that political power could generate a high level of working activities that relied on the trade of different commodities, that social competition did exist between different groups of workers and non-workers, and that the natural environment and local resources were all important factors in the representation of different activities.

This article provides the edition and commentary of two Punic and one Latin funerary inscription of Roman imperial date from inland areas of Tripolitania. The first two texts were discovered at Al-Brahama village in the vicinity of Al-Rujban in the Western Jebel district of Libya. The first is neo-Punic, the second is Latin. The neo-Punic inscription consists of seven lines, of which the first four lines are legible and their translation is unproblematic. However, the rest are illegible as a result of damage to the stone. The Latin inscription consists of four lines that are easy to read and translate. Finally a reinterpretation of an already published text (HNPI Tarhuna N1) from the area between Tarhuna and Garyan is presented, and some observations on tombs in the Jefara plain.

The paper analyzes the uses of the verbs meaning “to write” and “to read” in the Latin inscriptions of Dacia, in order to discern what they can reveal about literacy and the attitudes toward it in this province of the Roman Empire. The verbs denoting the writing ability that are epigraphically attested are the following: scribere, conscribere, describere, proscribere, subscribere, and scire, the latter in the syntagm litteras scire. Out of these aforementioned verbs, scribere is the most frequently employed, with more than sixty occurrences, and it is found in different types of inscriptions, while its derivatives conscribere, describere, proscribere, and subscribere are each attested only once. Litteras scire is found thrice and exclusively in the wax tablets from Alburnus Maior, in the phrase se litteras scire negavit, a statement expressing the lack of knowledge of writing. On the other hand, only the verb legere is used to express reading and it is encountered just twice, both times in funerary inscriptions. As the occurrences of verbs denoting the writing ability exceed so overwhelmingly the ones denoting the reading competency, it is evident that the inscriptions stress and express one facet of literacy (writing) to the almost exclusion of the other (reading).

Ancient Egypt and Medieval Europe.—Interesting parallels are drawn between certain customs of ancient Egypt and those of medieval and even modern Europe by Mr. L. B. Ellis in Ancient Egypt, 1931, pt. 4. The ‘rearing feast’ given to workmen in Westphalia by the owner of a newly erected house, finds its counterpart in the sacrifice offered in ancient Egypt for the workmen who had built a tomb. The splendour of the burial equipment of Tut-Ankh Amen is not far removed in spirit from that which was responsible for the burial of Henry II. of England, according to Matthew Paris, in royal robes, crown, ring, gloves, boots of gold-work, gilt spurs, and sceptre and sword; while a bishop or abbot was buried in full vestments, and a bishop of the eleventh century had with him his liturgical comb, with which he had smoothed his beard as he approached the altar. The use of the canopic jars for the storing of the viscera is paralleled by the separate burial of the heart and of the viscera of Eleanor of Castile, and of the heart of Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII. The desire of the medieval devout to be buried, or to have a tomb, in Palestine, takes the form in Egypt of burial at Abydos, or failing that, the erection of a tomb or stele. The concern for burial in both instances is shown in the arrangement for the tomb during lifetime as Henry VIII. contracted with Torrigiano for his tomb in Westminster Abbey. The effigies on Egyptian tombs show grandparents, parents, children, grandchildren, friends, and even a favourite dog. On Elizabethan and Jacobean tombs, married couples appear with their progeny, even those who have died in infancy. Similarities in funerary inscriptions are very close, even when the Egyptians compare themselves with their gods. Rekhmara was “Thoth in judgment, the image of Ptah, the equal of Khnum”; while Lady Cope D'Oyley, ob. 1633, was “Rebecca in grace, in heart an Abigail, in works a Dorcas, for the church a Hanna, and to her spouse Susanna; prudently simple, providently wary, to the world a Martha and to Heaven a Mary”.

This paper is primarily concerned with the institutional framework of economic policy formulation in China during the Northern Sung dynasty (960–1126). During this period there evolved a professional financial service whose members had a direct influence on economic legislation either as incumbents in fiscal offices or as members of Imperial advisory organs. The financial specialist was seen as possessing a specific body of expertise—administrative ability, talent in mathematics, a knowledge of classical Chinese monetary theory and familiarity with the history of economic policy. These attributes were tested in the civil service recruitment examinations and used as criteria for the recommendation and assignment of men to fiscal posts. The resulting consistency and predictability in legislation was a significant aspect of material progress in eleventh century China. The article is based on an extensive analysis of biographical information contained in chronicles, dynastic histories, records of conduct, and funerary inscriptions, as well as extant copies of examination questions and answers and edicts of appointment contained in the collected papers of Nordiern Sung writers.

Amastris antik kentine ilişkin ilk epigrafik araştırmalar, buraya 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde ziyarette bulunan G. Perrot, J. H. Mordtmann, G. Hirschfeld, G. Doublet, E. Kalinka ve G. Mendel gibi biliminsanlarının yaptıkları yazıt kayıtlarını yayımlamalarıyla başlamıştır. Bundan sonrasında 1985 yılına kadar Th. Wiegand, A. Wilhelm, L. Robert, M. T. Yaman ve G. Jacopi'nin eserlerinde Amastris yazıtlarının yayımlandığını görüyoruz. Ch. Marek ilk olarak 1985'te Amasra Arkeoloji Müzesi'ndeki 41 yazıtı, Epigraphica Anatolica Dergisi'nde, müzenin ilk epigrafik corpus'u niteliğinde, hemen sonrasında ise 1993'te "Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia" isimli kitabının içinde "Katalog der Inschriften von Amastris" başlıklı bir bölümde Amastris kentinin 116 yazıttan oluşan ilk epigrafik corpus'unu yayımladı. Amastris yazıtlarına ilişkin bu çalışmaların yanı sıra, D. French, W. Ameling, W. Peek, E. Pfuhl & H. Möbius, R. Merkelbach & J. Stauber'in epigrafik kataloglarında kente ait bazı yazıtları yayımladıkları veya yeniden değerlendirdikleri görülür. Fakat son dönemlerde Amasra'dan ve çevre bölgeden Amasra Arkeoloji Müzesi'ne yeni yazıtlar kazandırılmış olup, bu süreç devam etmektedir. Bithynia epigrafik çalışmaları kapsamında Amasra Arkeoloji Müzesi'ndeki yayımlanmış ve yeni Hellence ve Latince yazıtları bir corpus çatısı altında toplamak amacıyla bir proje başlatılmış; bu amaçla 2009 yılında Müze Müdürlüğü'nden alınan bir izinle Müze'deki yazıtlar kopyalanmış ve üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Envanter bilgilerinden öğrenildiği kadarıyla, tüm bu yazıtların Amasra, Bartın and Zonguldak civarından geldiği; Amastris, Tios/Tieion ve Herakleia Pontike antik kentlerine ve territorium'larına ait oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Müzede yapılan çalışmaların ilk sonucu niteliğindeki bu makalede ise daha önceden yayımlanmamış 7 Hellence yazıt tanıtılmaktadır. Müze kayıtlarına göre bu yazıtlardan altısı Amastris territorium'undan, bir tanesi ise şüpheli olarak Tios/Teion antik kenti territorium'undan getirilmiştir. Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi'ne tarihlenen yazıtların isimleri ve çevirileri şu şekildedir: 1) Dothios ile Philopapos'un Adağı: Dothios ve Philopapos adak vesilesiyle (sundular); 2) Glykon (?) için Bir Adak: ...207 yılı(nda); 3) İmparatorların Azatlısı Aurelius Khrysanthos'un Eşi için Yaptırdığı Mezar Steli: İmparatorların azatlısı Aurelius Khrysanthos anısı sonsuz, son derece tatlı ve eşsever zevcesi filancaya anısı vesilesiyle (bu mezarı) yaptırdı; 4) Adı Bilinmeyen Bir Kadın ile Aurelius Aleksandros'un Mezarları; A. [Şu kadar yıl] dü[zgün] bir yaşam sürmüş olan, [...]onnas'ın kızı, [...]ar'ın ise eşi olan filanca (burada yatıyor); B. ?5 yıl yaşayan, Ariston oğlu Aurelius Aleksandros (burada yatıyor). Sağlıcakla kalın!; 5) Khrysous, Eşi Zoe ile Oğulları Khrysippos'un Mezar Steli: 253 yılının Dystros ayının 12. gününde. 65 yıl yaşayan Demosthas oğlu Khrysous ve 40 yıl yaşayan eşi Zoe ve 29 yıl yaşamın ardından daha önce ölen oğulları Khrysippos (burada yatıyor). Bu steli onların kızı (olan) ben Khrysemene diktirdim. Sağlıcakla kalın!; 6) Adı Bilinmeyen Bir Kişinin Mezar Steli: 179 yılının Dios ayının ... gününde ...; 7) Fragman: Hayırlı olsun!

Horvat Burgin (Khirbet Umm Burj) occupies the summit of a hill in the Judean Shephelah. This article presents the results of archaeological fieldwork undertaken by the authors from 1995 to 2008, focusing on rock-cut underground cavities that had served as burial caves, hiding complexes, and agricultural installations. Most of the features discussed had been plundered; only one burial complex was found sealed. The article reviews the main issues published in Hebrew in preliminary form, and presents for the first time the following results:•. The stratigraphy revealed in a probing excavation of a residential area; a special find: a short ink inscription in Latin, on a handle of a locally produced storage jar.•. The relationship between the residential area and the hiding system hewn underneath it.•. An inscription in the cursive Jewish script incised on a doorjamb of an underground room in the system.•. Some outstanding burial caves and three recently looted tombs: one from the late Second Temple period; two others from the late Roman period, with schematic ornamentation executed in relief on their walls.•. Two inscriptions in the ancient Asomtavruli Georgian script of the late tenth or early eleventh century CE, incised on the walls of a bell-shaped cistern.This information enables a fresh overview of the history of the site during the Roman and Byzantine periods, and a discussion of its possible historical—geographical identification as the Second Temple period village of Kefar Bish (Καφαραβìς).

III The Central Middle Ages (900–1200)

Ein Athener in Miletupolis. Der Grabstein des Hypermenes aus der klassischen Zeit – ein wichtiges Zeugnis zu den Beziehungen von Miletupolis und Athen

ABSTRACTArchaeological data and evidence of climatic change are used to suggest that the collapse of Uxmal and Chichén Itzá in the Northern Maya Lowlands was the result of long and recurrent drought episodes in the eleventh century. Although environmental evidence indicates that drought episodes might have begun in the ninth century, they gradually increased in frequency through the eleventh century and generated devastating effects on the late Terminal Classic period civilization. Evidence of recurrent drought episodes in the Northern lowlands is reported from the Holtún Cenote at Chichén Itzá. This cenote (sinkhole) shows two moments of the climatic change that affected Northern Yucatán. First, it corroborates the existence of extreme dry environmental conditions during the Terminal Classic period dated between the ninth and eleventh centuries. Second, after C.E. 1100, the water level rose inside the Holtún Cenote when environmental conditions turned wetter at the beginning of the Postclassic period.

Tens of thousands of documents dating form the late Byzantine and early Islamic periods have been found in Egypt. These texts, written on papyrus and a variety of other materials, in Greek, Coptic Egyptian, and Arabic, offer a unique, but underutilized resource for the study of a society experiencing a profound transformation, this volume collects papers given at the conference Documentary Evidence and the History of Early Islamic Egypt, including editions of previously unpublished Greek, Coptic, and Arabic documents, historical and linguistic studies which make use of documentary evidence, a discussion of the importance of Arabic literary papyri, and an introduction to papyrology and its relevance for the study of this period of Egyptian history. For more titles about Papyrology, please click here.

Veiled Women. Volume I: The Disappearance of Nuns from Anglo-Saxon England; Volume II: Female Religious Communities in England, 871-1066. By Sarah Foot. [Studies in Early Medieval Britain, 1. (Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate. 2000. Pp. xvii, 228; xii, 274. $79.95 each volume.) Sarah Foot's survey of Anglo-Saxon religious women includes a volume that analyzes their historical (or historiographical) disappearance after 800 and a second volume that offers an extremely valuable repertory of women's communities. Aimed at an audience of informed but not specialist readers, Foot's project purports to provide the first convincing explanation for the evanescence of so many of the institutions of female religion in the early Middle Ages (p. vii). Foot has selected an appropriate readership, for her argument does not contain much that is new for historians of Christian women. Her explanation of changes in religious communities is not entirely convincing either, but her method with the English sources may be instructive to Continental historians. As Foot points out, sources for the study of English nuns are scanty, especially for the reform period (late Anglo-Saxon period) of 900-1066. Bede, the vita of Leoba, other Bonifacian material, the Mildrith legend, and council and charter evidence record the vibrant spiritual life of religious women in the seventh and eighth centuries. But the few, famous double-houses of male and female religious run by royal women eventually declined with the political dynasties that founded them. Historians from Dugdale onward have tended to use these famous early minsters and their documents as models for later religious communities; scholars have judged the success of later religious foundations by comparison with these pre-Viking houses. The charters and other texts of ninth-century and later England focus on powerful and well-funded houses, normally of men; so historians have concluded that religious women disappeared in the ninth century. While women's houses seem to have resurfaced after the Norman conquest, scholars have found little continuity in the history of women's communities before and after the Viking invasions and religious reforms of the tenth century. Foot argues that religious women continued to create communities between the ninth and eleventh centuries, but that we have failed to see them in the sources. She calls for renewed scrutiny of the vocabulary of religious life and for a new look at a variety of documents. Cloistered communities of women did not attract royal support or endowment in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Women's communities did not appear in documents recording property transactions, nor did communities have the wealth to generate charters of their own. In addition, women's religious communities were not always identified as such in the texts; sometimes writers identified religious foundations as monasteria, mynsters without specifying the gender of inhabitants. In addition, religious women lived on what historians have taken for secular estates, rendering them invisible to scholars searching for nunneries. Most important, Foot argues, women in Anglo-Saxon England practiced religion in fluid and diverse modes of expression (p. …

Reviewed by: Jade Mountains and Cinnabar Pools: The History of Travel Literature in Imperial China by James M. Hargett Kai-wing Chow (bio) James M. Hargett. Jade Mountains and Cinnabar Pools: The History of Travel Literature in Imperial China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018. xviii, 258 pp. Hardcover, $95.00, isbn 978-0-295-74446-9. Paperback, $30.00, isbn 978-0-295-74447-6. This book offers a broad survey of "Chinese travel literature" from the Six Dynasties through the late Ming period. The author primarily takes a literary approach to the subject, striving to delineate youji as a genre and tracing its path of development. Based on Northrop Frye's theory of literary genre, Hargett opts for a "dynamic or open-ended conception of genre" formulated by Dirk de Geest and Hendrik van Corp. The author argues that the genre does have "some general identifiable traits regarding form and content" (p. 12). Through tracking the "affinities" of disparate writings, he argues that "all youji literature contains a coherent and indispensable narrative of the physical experience of a journey through space toward an identifiable place, written in prose" (p. 13). Hargett's definition singles out three defining features of "Chinese travel literature": (1) a first-person account, (2) a real journey across space, and (3) a prose literary style. Following these three threads, Hargett traces the origins of the various generic features of "Chinese travel literature," youji, to the Six Dynasties and argues that its features attained "articulation" in the Tang dynasty, reaching maturity in the Song dynasty. Finally, the production of youji entered the golden age in the middle and later years of the Ming dynasty. He criticizes modern Chinese scholarship on travel literature for adopting a static [End Page 74] approach to genre. Scholars regard travel literature invariably as writings about "appreciating landscape." But for Hargett, development of travel literature in imperial China was dynamic, undergoing changes in both its form and contents. The book has five chapters and a postface. In chapter 1, Hargett begins to identify a number of "key elements" that define the genre of travel writings, youji. His discussion covers a few different genres: rhapsodies, letters, preface, accounts (ji), including those by Buddhists like Faxian, and the Commentary on the Waterways Treatise by Li Daoyuan. The key elements Hargett has identified in letters and rhapsodies of the Han period include "real journeys and real places in a literary and lyrical way" (p. 24), "travel narration and landscape appreciation, and expression of personal sentiments" (p. 26), as well as "scenic description-author comment" structure (pp. 28-30). Appearing in different literary genres and variegated modes of language, these features of youji, however, had not coalesced in the works of later prototypes. This variety of writing excepting a preface by Huiyuan, though containing "various traits," was not qualified to be considered the prototype youji. Chapter 2 examines two significant developments in travel literature in the Tang dynasty, which, the author argues, were critical for youji to become an independent genre in the mid-Tang. First, it was in the Choice Blossoms from the Garden of Literature that ji became an independent literary genre. And second, during the late eighth and early ninth centuries, "the ji form evolved into a new type of descriptive prose about place" (p. 58). The genre of ji writings by Liu Zongyuan such as the "Eight Accounts" emphasizes "the physical movement of the author and by extension, the reader through a landscape" (p. 82). One significant innovation of Liu and Yuan Jie, another Tang author, was that they composed "sight-seeing-landscape ji in which emotion is drawn from scene" (p. 85). In chapter 3 Hargett argues that the youji genre reached its maturity in the Northern Song in varieties, forms, and contents. In examining the accounts by Zhang Min, Zhao Buzhi, and Su Shi, he argues that these Song writers no longer expressed their personal emotions or inner conflicts through their writings on landscape, which marks "a major turning point in the history of the genre and functions as a key factor in the maturation process that began in the eleventh century" (p. 101). An entirely new form of...