Networks of Common Interests

In the article, on the basis of the generalization of the theoretical and applied basis in the field of economy, law, culture, the reasons and features of the commercial activity of cultural institutions are determined. It has been established that modern science, in most cases, equates the concepts of"economic activity", "entrepreneurial activity", "economic activity", "commercial activity". Given that, the article delineates these concepts by defining the key features of economic and entrepreneurial activity. On the basis of the definition of the concept of "commercial activity", the main difference betweenit and other types is determined, the essence of which is to focus on commodity exchange or trade. The relationship between economic, entrepreneurial, economic and commercial activities is conceptualized. It has been proven that economic activity is a broader concept that includes such types as entrepreneurial, economic and commercial activities. The main types of commercial services of cultural institutions are highlighted. It has been established that the main reason for conducting commercial activities by cultural institutions is obtaining additional income. It was found that not all paid forms ofsocial and cultural activities of cultural and educational institutions, theaters, philharmonic societies, folk groups and performers are considered entrepreneurial. Additional, both traditional and new forms of financing cultural institutions are outlined. A modern concept of the development of creative industries in Ukraine has been formed, the essence of which is to use the so-called symbiosis of forms of economic activity to combine consumer, state and financial interests of cultural institutions and balance supply and demand in the field of cultural and creative industries.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of legal regulation of economic and commercial activities carried out by business entities during the period of war in Ukraine. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of economic and commercial activities for ensuring the economic stability of the State and protection of national interests in the context of a full-scale invasion. The purpose of the article is to determine the main aspects of legal regulation of economic and commercial activity under martial law and to provide recommendations for its improvement. To achieve this goal, the study solved a number of tasks: the author defines the concept of “trade and economic activity” and the role of trade and economic activity in creating favorable conditions for stable economic growth of the country; analyzes the current state of economic and trade activity in Ukraine; examines the legal regulation of economic and trade activity in Ukraine and identifies its features; and provides recommendations for improving economic and trade activity in Ukraine. The study uses general scientific methods of cognition: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, association and analogy. Based on the results of the study, it is established that the legal regulation of economic and commercial activity under martial law in Ukraine has certain peculiarities aimed at ensuring economic stability and protecting national interests. These features include deregulation of economic activity, tariff regulation, licensing and quotas for foreign economic activity, currency control, technical regulation, digital transformation of the economy, trade agreements and affordable lending. For the further development of economic and trade activities under martial law in Ukraine, it is necessary to continue to improve legal regulation, focusing on further business support, creating a favorable investment climate, expanding trade relations, supporting exports and developing the domestic market. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained to formulate further strategies in the field of economic policy aimed at ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of economic and trade activities under martial law and increasing the overall level of economic development of the country.

The article deals with the issues of peculiarities of modernisation of legislation in the field of trade and economic activity in the context of European integration.It is noted that economic and trade activity is the industry which is subject to active modernisation, taking into account the requirements of the Association Agreement. The author concludes that the obligations to adapt Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation in trade have changed due to the fact that a number of EU acts have been amended or repealed, and therefore it is now important to implement the novelties of EU legislation in the period after ratification of the Association Agreement. The term «economic and commercial activity» used in the Commercial Code of Ukraine essentially means trading activities carried out by business entities. Expanding the scope of digitalisation of economic and commercial activities is another vector of European integration. The food supply chain is vulnerable to unfair trade practices due to a sharp imbalance between small and large agricultural market operators. In Ukraine, we see unfair practices when large retailers dictate the terms of market entry and payment for products. Therefore, the implementation of the provisions of Directive 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on unfair trade practices between undertakings in the agriculture and food sectors is important for Ukraine. In general, EU legislation is quite dynamic, especially given the direction of EU policy towards the development of a green economy and digitalisation, and a number of provisions are being adopted to improve trade in these areas. For Ukraine, an important task is not only to adapt national legislation to the existing EU acts, but also to take into account the legal policy ideas that are actively discussed and developed in the EU, in particular, the provisions on harmonisation of business law.

The influence of reproductive status on rural Kenyan women's time use

This dissertation aims to provide insight into the development of the institutional structure of the economy of Rankin Inlet, Nunavut from its inception (1953) to post-1999 period. Prior to the entry of Europeans to the Kivalliq Region, Inuit economic activity was non-commercial. Based on resource harvesting, it was governed by societal institutions, principally the extended family. As non-indigenous people entered the region in the early 1700s, opportunities arose for Inuit to participate in commercial activity. Inuit adjusted their participation in these opportunities for the next 200 years, in a way that largely maintained the primacy of non-commercial productive capacities and institutions. Rankin Inlet was founded in 1953 when several Inuit families settled to participate in wage employment at a nickel mine. Since its closing in 1962, Rankin Inlet’s Inuit residents have participated in a combination of traditional harvesting, cash-based and other informal economic activities, a dynamic referred to as a “mixed economy” which exists in most Nunavut communities. While the nickel mine was in operation, the company which operated it yielded significant power in influencing Inuit economic choices. Following its closure, much of this power shifted to state organs. Rankin Inlet’s present-day “mixed economy” represents the latest phase of a centuries-long process of considered involvement in changing economic opportunities. It is founded on (at least) two major, co-existing institutions - family structures and the state. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the nascent economic dynamic - found in Rankin Inlet and across the Eastern Arctic - was exposed to private sector interests aiming to extract the Arctic’s non-renewable resources. In response, Inuit across the Eastern Arctic sought political powers similar to those of Canada’s provinces. Inuit efforts in this regard led to tangible results, including the signing of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA) in 1993 and the creation of the Territory of Nunavut in 1999. Inuit have obtained a measure of sovereign control over how commercial, state, and traditional economic activity occurs its territory, including the power to shape and/or reject projects which could affect this balance.

The article examines the economic activities of one of the religious knightly orders of the early Middle Ages - the Order of the Temple, or the Templars. A brief history of the Order is presented, the methods of initial accumulation of capital are analyzed - donations, economic activity in the form of transportation and security services for pilgrims and temporary trust management of their property, tax benefits. It is concluded that the organizational structure of the Order was equally oriented towards ensuring the effectiveness of management of both the military component and economic activity, as evidenced by the equal title of the European leaders of the preceptories and the Palestinian leader of the Order - Grand Master. An attempt has been made to classify the types of economic activity that allowed the Order to achieve unprecedented wealth. Along with the standard organization of agricultural and commercial activity in rural and urban commanderies, the Order benefited most from financial operations, some of which were pioneering. The honesty and impeccable reputation of faithful have earned the Order the reputation of a reliable partner. Innovative instruments in the form of current accounts, bill and check circulation and money transfers contributed to the development of individual businesses and international trade in general. The Order made a significant contribution to the formation of a single Euro-Mediterranean economic area.

Characteristics and patterns of international trade in CITES-listed live birds in China from 2010 to 2019

The growth of international commercial arbitration can be said to be phenomenal due to the massive increase in international trade and investment volumes, especially in Asia. A further contributing factor can be attributed to the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI), which is widely recognised as a major international economic initiative. Nevertheless, with an increase in commercial activities, disputes can be expected to rise in tandem, whereas arbitration is considered to be the most effective mode of dispute resolution for cross-border commercial conflicts. Presently, Singapore and Hong Kong SAR dominate the international arbitration scene in Asia but rising international commercial arbitration activities and growth in China are set to change the regional international arbitration landscape. The establishment of ‘international arbitration courts’ (国际仲裁院) in China, particularly in Shanghai, Shenzhen and Beijing are significant developments where many of the institutions also adopting international practices thus welcoming to foreign parties to arbitrate there. This article will briefly look at the current arbitration and dispute resolution climate in China, setting the groundwork for international arbitration foundation. The article will also examine possible regional cooperation in terms of arbitration for BRI disputes in the Asian region.

The establishment of the university's new campus exerts important influence on the neighboring village by fueling economic growth,improving villagers' occupation structure,enhancing the economic strength of collectives,and impacting villagers' ideas and behaviors,etc.This paper tries to apply the remote sensing method to the study of commercial business in rural areas.With the help of remote sensing,the phases of economic activities can be obviously observed in near-college villages-the initial changes in system disturbance,rapid growth of commercial activities and the stage of gradual development.The spatial variation of the commercial activities in villages that occurred in different periods is shown on the remote sensing images through the GIS method:(1) The commercial activities extend axially to the inner district of village from the gate of campus living quarter,exhibiting the regularity of distance-decay effect and spatiality.(2) The commercial function of village-level system splits apart gradually,including the high-level variation of commercial operation,division of campus and social space,agglomeration of the commercial space with the same operation.(3) The economic activities assemble on the traffic nodes,spreading statutorily.(4) Commercial operation structure changes regularly with to the development of economy.(5) Shopping trip space for rural residents has the ringed structure of different hierarchies.It is the establishment of Henan University(a comprehensive university) that prompts the population aggregation all of a sudden,turning the western part of Kaifeng into a secondary business centre,which is the primary impetus of the village-level system's economic development.Based on the population growth theory in A-S model and the diversity of consumers' preference in Krugman model,the present paper illustrates the motive of commercial size development,the phenomenon of lasting selection caused by the fact that the agglomeration of population generates the business agglomeration,and the commercial spatial structure development from an unstable disorder to a new stable and orderly condition on a basic regularity as to increasing returns to scale.

This book’s title emphasizes the three main topics that Mario Trujillo Bolio deals with regarding the Gulf of Mexico in the nineteenth century: the configuration of the region and the influence of the gulf within the continent, the history of the gulf’s ports, and a description of maritime economic activities. The author sets out to present a comprehensive view of the Gulf of Mexico based on the reconstruction of detailed histories of the various ports and commercial activities, in the context of the technical advances and the political changes that characterized this century. The book makes use of some of the general approaches the author has employed in previous works regarding the regional configuration of this zone.The first two of the book’s five chapters insist on understanding the Gulf of Mexico as a region — defined to include both the gulf coast and the coastal plains — and explore the relationships between the region’s main nodes and Mexico’s most important population centers. Trujillo Bolio also defines some subsystems of this regional system, beginning with commercial activity and the consolidation of a river transportation system during the colonial period, as well as railroad transportation in the nineteenth century. Supported by a number of maps, the author discusses several subsystems, starting with the main ports of Matamoros, Tampico, Veracruz, Campeche, and Progreso. In order to establish the various levels of regional integration, Trujillo quotes Eric Van Young’s contribution to Región e historia en México (Instituto Mora, 1991): “These [levels] allowed the Gulf region to acquire a functional regionality based on primary exchanges (administration and taxes), secondary exchanges (nonperishable and luxury goods and flows of capital), tertiary exchanges (consumption of perishable goods on a commercial level, and, possibly, work mobility), and quaternary exchanges (consumption of perishable goods on a small scale)” (p. 24).Chapter 3 describes the gulf coast, beginning with its geography and the river basins that drain into the coastal zones of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatán. Chapter 4 offers a detailed history of the development of approximately 20 ports, with a view toward their interrelationship with the rest of the region and with both national and international economic activities. This large chapter addresses political instability, foreign interventions, and the consolidation of some of these ports during the regime of Porfirio Díaz. Trujillo sees the buildings constructed at the end of the century as symbols of progress and of the search to emulate foreign models. This section is enriched with plans, maps, lithographs, and photographs that allow the reader to compare differences in growth and importance among the various ports. Trujillo also identifies the government’s priorities for port modernization at the end of the nineteenth century and the consequences of this for the social and economic life of the gulf’s most important ports.The last chapter establishes links between ports along the gulf and those in the Caribbean, the eastern United States, and Europe. This section points out critical moments for central ports, like Veracruz, during the nineteenth-century foreign interventions and also minutely establishes the main links between the Mexican ports and international navigation. The author identifies the most common routes of European and American transatlantic navigation companies. This final section establishes the ports’ gradual specialization in shipping or passenger facilities. With the increased complexity of port activity, Trujillo underscores the drive to improve port infrastructure, especially during the second half of the century, to meet the needs of technological advances in navigation and the increase and diversification of goods.The author illustrates this section with maps of navigation routes, as well as archival documents that show the kind and quantity of goods that arrived from abroad. These allow readers not specialized in economic subjects to compare several specific phases of inbound international trade during the course of the century. The illustrations and engravings of American and European ports allow comparison with conditions in the Mexican ports. Trujillo concludes with a discussion of the development of Mexico’s navy and of Mexican navigation companies, which he compares with the significant developments in international navigation.These are indisputable contributions to regional historiography and to the understanding of the importance of the gulf coast, its main ports, and its interconnections with the rest of Mexico and beyond. It also provides important clues toward understanding nineteenth-century Mexican trade activity and the unquestionable changes in the international economy. However, after such a wide review of nineteenth-century regional and port history, readers will yearn for a concluding chapter that would take up some of the premises raised in the initial chapters and offer a final analysis. In particular, the ample information regarding port history and commercial navigation in the last two chapters is not linked with the theoretical-methodological sections in the preface and the first two chapters. The author also should have offered an evaluation of the marked differences in commercial activity and the predominance of certain ports during the nineteenth century to complement his useful definition of the regional system and subsystems and his hierarchy of the coast’s ports. The rapid development and consolidation of ports like Veracruz, Tampico, or Progreso was countered by the marginalization of other ports and subregions. This important work of regional history would have been enriched by an examination of such contrasts in the economic and social life of the gulf.

Relevance of research topic. One of the effective methods of choosing strategies of increasing the efficiency of enterprises’ economic activity in various industries can be a comprehensive economic diagnosis as a means to adjust the strategy and tactics of manufacturers and identify effective ways for their further development. Formulation of the problem. Today’s difficult economic conditions require not only to stabilize the enterprises’ commercial activity but also to increase production efficiency and competitiveness in the market of products and services. A means to increase the enterprises’ efficiency is to conduct a comprehensive economic diagnosis. This is of particular relevance for the country’s dairy enterprises due to the specifics of supply and marketing, perishable produce, and the crisis of the dairy market for today. Analysis of recent research and publications. This scientific problem was studied by several domestic and foreign scientists, such as I. Farion, L. Savchuk, S. Zhukevych, I. Kryvov’iaziuk, T. Bozhydarnik, A. Kiriienko, N. Zymyn, I. Zelenchuk, T. Horodnia, I. Moiseienk., N. Kushnir, N. Sarai, O. Hetman, T. Zahorna, N. Bobko, Yu. Koval., V. Zabrodskyi, V. Zinchenko, A. Vartanov, O. Hadzevych, T. Kostenko. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In most scientific works the attention is focused on the study of individual components of economic diagnostics. As for the development of methodological approaches to the realization and implementation of a full-fledged methodology of integrated economic diagnostics, it is not sufficiently reflected in the economic literature. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Theoretical substantiation and development of methodical and practical recommendations for improving the process of comprehensive economic diagnostics of the dairy industry enterprises’ economic activity (on the materials of dairy enterprise “Pereiaslav-Molproduct” LLC) for increasing business efficiency. Method or methodology for conducting research. A set of general scientific and specific research methods, as well as non-formalized and formalized methods, were used to achieve the goal and to cope with the tasks set in the research. The results of research. Scientific and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for improving the process of the enterprise comprehensive diagnostics are substantiated and the ways to increase the efficiency of economic activity of the dairy industry are proposed. The field of application of results. The results of the study can be used by the enterprises in the diagnostics of the current state of enterprise by its own, based on strategic considerations, as well as in the development of business plans, investment and innovation projects, strategic development plans; and in the educational process (in the preparation of the relevant sections of textbooks and tutorials for courses “Economic Analysis”, “Management”, “Strategy of Enterprise”, “Methods and Models of Optimization”). Conclusions according to the article. The theoretical considerations formulated and substantiated in the research made it possible to present scientific and practical proposals regarding the application of the model of comprehensive economic diagnostics to increase the efficiency of enterprises’ activity.

The Indians were considered the main category working in trade in Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed Bin Sultan, the founder of the modern state of Zanzibar (1806-1856). The Indian traders got the appreciation and respect of Saeed Bin Sultan and they were allowed to work in trade in the region and he treated them as local traders in order to establish a commercial empire. Hence most of the Indian traders came during his rule, and in 1835, as the case with others, they came with the seasonal wind. The Indian traders were Muslims and Hindu, but they didn’t consider Zanzibar as their homeland, they used to travel to India and come back. Among them, the Moslem Bahara became prominent, most of them were rich traders, who lived in Zanzibar and took it as their homeland. The Indian traders succeeded in supporting the economics of Zanzibar and financing the Arab commercial projects and developing the internal trade. Some of them succeeded in possessing large farms of cloves. And because of their commercial activity and their economic status they succeeded in establishing an excellent social position and they taught their children reading and writing. On the other side Britain encouraged the Indians to migrate to Eastern Africa because of its need for the technical Indian working class and handcraft to make use of their experience. Hence the important role of the Indian merchants in the trade of Eastern Africa came.

The start of the space race between the two cold war rivals United states and the Soviet Union in the 20th Century added a new dimension to both law as well as science. The frontier of space research and discoveries intertwined the connection between law and science. However, just like science being an important aspect of human evolution so is the regulation of such activities through the hands of law, as one can use and abuse these aspects. One key notion of space exploration and how far we have come since we first landed on the moon brings forth the question of commercialization of space through private means such as space tourism as it is a big step towards fulfillment of human dreams to be independent from our home planet. There are several aspects which need to be brought in light in terms of legal issues that seek solution in relation to regulation of commercial activities in space. The legal issues pertain to the regulation of aerospace vehicles used by private or public entities for commercial purposes and also require a legal framework for entrepreneurs and private organization in order to promote and develop such a sector of commercial activity. It needs to be analyzed in order to see the effect of existing laws as well as provide a base for other interested entities to enter such a domain. There is another legal aspect which needs to be taken a closer look at and that is of liability aspect commercial activities in space. The current study analyzes the legal aspect of commercial space activities and the basis of liability issues involved in conducting these activities such as space tourism.

The article presents a structural model of the system of analysis and evaluation of the enterprise's commercial activity. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical and methodological principles and applied aspects of modeling the process of analysis and evaluation of the enterprise's commercial activity. The purpose of the work is to justify the structural model of analysis and evaluation of commercial activity on the example of a wholesale trade enterprise. The methodological basis of the article. To achieve the goal and solve the tasks set in the research, a complex of general scientific and applied research methods was used: the method of analysis and synthesis, modeling, analytical planning and forecasting, the rating method, economic and mathematical methods, statistical methods. Work results. The scientific-methodical principles and practical tools for organizing and conducting control, analysis and evaluation of commercial activity in the system of economic activity of enterprises have been summarized and systematized. A structural and logical model of the analysis and evaluation system of the enterprise's commercial activity has been developed. Based on the calculation of generalized indicators of the analysis and scenarios of the future development of the commercial activity of the wholesale trade enterprise, the conclusions and recommendations for increasing the efficiency of the commercial activity of this enterprise are substantiated. Field of application of results. The theoretical provisions presented in the article made it possible to formulate proposals of a scientific and practical nature regarding the application of the model of the system of analysis and evaluation of the commercial activity of enterprises in the process of optimizing their economic activity. Conclusions. The management of economic activity is inextricably linked with the system of commercial activity and with the system of its analysis and control, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the commercial activity of the enterprise. The presented model of the system of analysis and assessment of commercial activity allows, on the basis of simple calculations, according to the proposed algorithm, to assess the state of commercial activity and directions for its optimization in the system of strategic planning and forecasting of enterprises.

Economic integration, which in today’s global trade is the fundamental component of linking economic ties between countries, is another important factor in the acceleration of economic growth. The provision of trade logistics services is essential to a nation’s economic success in international trade activities. It is essential for enterprises engaged in active international trade to achieve competitive advantages. The international trade and localised commercial activity, to a large extent, is dependent on the logistics and supply chain infrastructure and operational capacity. However, the area received little attention from the perspective of applied economics. The in-depth empirical studies on the impacts of logistics on trade efficiency are few and limited. The study aims to investigate the role of logistics and supply chains in international and national trade in a developing country. It uses secondary data for the analysis. The model and software used in the study are the gravity model and GTAP10a. The time horizon used spans 2014–2030. The results show that in order to enhance trading and commercial activities, a developing country should develop logistics and supply chain infrastructure, train people, and design a flexible logistics policy.