Nephron sparing surgery in von Hippel-Lindau associated renal cell carcinoma; clinicopathological long-term follow-up

Abstract

We evaluated the clinicopathological outcome of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-patients who had mainly undergone nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) when the tumour diameter has reached 4.0cm. Multiple, bilateral RCC with high recurrence rates and subsequent repeated interventions, followed by increasing risk for end-stage renal failure and metastases is characteristic for VHL. NSS is widely used for VHL-associated RCC at 3.0cm cut-off. 54 VHL patients underwent NSS, nephrectomy or thermal ablation for RCC. We analysed time to second treatment, overall and cancer specific survival, intra- and post-operative data as well as tumour characteristics. We also examined the effects of delaying removal of RCC to 4.0cm cut-off. Median follow-up was 67months. 54 patients underwent 97 kidney treatments. 96% of first and 67% of second interventions comprised of NSS. 0% metastases were observed in the group with largest tumour size ≤4cm. The probability for second surgery was 21%, at 5years and 42% at 10years. Median time to second NSS was 149.6months. The overall and cancer specific survival rate was 96.5 and 100% at 5-year follow-up, and 82.5 and 90.5% respectively at 10-year follow-up. Median delay to second NSS at 4.0cm cut-off versus 3.0cm was 27.8months. NSS was both successfully used in first and second surgery and to some extent even in third surgery. By following a strict surveillance protocol it is possible to support a 4.0cm-threshold strategy for NSS, based on the assumption that delaying time to second NSS prevents patients from premature renal failure.