Neo-developmental Misery: FIESP in the 2016 Brazilian Coup d’État

The role of state policy in the industrialization of Third World nations has become the subject of increasing interest in recent years. In the past, the debate over economic development has either focused on the traditional modernization approach' or the dependency theory of underdevelopment.2 Dependency theorists base their model of development on the belief that foreign investment from core countries is harmful to developing nations' long-term economic growth. Economic relationships between the core and the periphery are structurally detrimental for the latter because of the inherent dynamics of international capitalism. Yet, despite the claims of dependency theory, the recent experience of the East Asian newly industrialized countries suggests a wider range of development possibilities which include government policies specifically designed to attract foreign investment. These countries appear to have structured their domestic economies in order to mitigate the pernicious effects of dependent relationships with core countries. This raises new questions about the development process and the role of policy and foreign investment in the economic transactions between core and peripheral countries. Dependency theory, a neo-Marxist predecessor of world-systems research, claims that First World nations become wealthy by extracting surplus labor and resources from the Third World. Capitalism perpetuates a global division of labor which causes the distortion of developing countries' domestic economies, declining growth, and increased income inequality.3 Those countries on the periphery cannot become fully modernized as long as they remain in the capitalist world

Nearly all developing countries actively seek capital and technology from the advanced countries. Although private direct foreign investment (mainly in the form of multinational enterprise) is viewed with ambivalence by many developing countries, it is nonetheless true that direct investment remains a substantial source of capital and is sometimes the only source of specific technologies. Indeed, given the slow growth in official external assistance, developing countries are becoming more, not less, dependent on direct foreign investment. While disbursements of official development assistance by the OECD countries rose 43% from 1961 through 1970, direct investment flows rose almost 90% over the same period. In the later year, the flow of direct investment was more than two-fifths of all official assistance, $3.2 billion compared to $7.8 billion.1 Furthermore, the United States and other major capital exporting countries would prefer, for economic as well as ideological reasons, to channel more of their capital outflows to developing countries through private investment. It is highly probable, therefore, that developing countries will continue to rely on direct foreign investment in the foreseeable future to carry out their development programs. It is against this background that the present study seeks to identify the empirical determinants of direct foreign-investment flows in the manufacturing sectors of developing countries. Our purpose is to select from the many economic, social, and political features of a developing country those features that are critical to making that country attractive or unattractive to private foreign investors. Available empirical studies are limited

Egypt has natural resource base and large market size, qualifies to be a major recipient of FDI in Africa and indeed, it is one of the top three leading African countries that consistently received FDI in the past decade. However, the level of FDI attracted especially to agriculture is small compared to the resource base and potential need , the percentage of FDI inflow to the agricultural sector in Egypt decreased from4.68 % during 1982 to 3.37% during 2017/2016 which reflected negatively on agricultural sector contribution on gross national product from 19.9%during 1982 to 11.6% during 2016/2017. This research aims at highlightingthe impact of economic reform on Attracting Foreign Direct Investment to Egyptian Agriculture Sector, and examined the impact of FDI on the agricultural sector growth in Egypt during the period (1990-2016), known as the economic reforms. The research is based on the descriptive and analytical methodology and the econometric methodology in determining the relationship, the research employs secondary time series data which spanned (1990 – 2016). The result obtained in the analysis; there exist a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and agricultural sector of Egypt foreign direct investment, it hasn't significant impact on agriculture in Egypt due to the nature, risk and uncertainty of agriculture activity, The R2 is 0.93 showing that the explanatory variable explains 93% of changes in the dependent variable. Other factors that contribute to agriculture apart from foreign direct investment are captured by the remaining 7% which are not included in the model, from the regression analysis carried out; The questionnaire cleared that, There are many obstacles facing the investor when investing, which limits the attractiveness of investment, such as, unstable political and economic policies, weak infrastructure, global competition for FDI flows as impediments standing in the way of attracting significant FDI flows, political regime, , rate of inflation, interest rate, credit rating and debt service,.. In the light of the above findings, the followings recommendations are proposed to encourage and improve the inflow of foreign direct investment in Egypt: - Economic reform policies encouraged and attract more FDI into Egypt; also Egypt needs to juxtapose foreign investment with domestic investment in order to maintain high levels of income and employment. - Foreign investment can be effective if it is directed at improving labor skills. Foreign direct investments into Egypt will not on its own lead to sustainable economic growth. - focus on the Policies' stability of the economy' which enhancement of the internal economy, - monitoring of benchmarks and business practice, voluntary guidelines, and transfer of Environmentally sound technology - Government should provide adequate infrastructure and policy framework that will be conducive for doing business in Egypt, so as to attract the inflow of FDI. - The necessity of activating inter-Arab investments. - Promoting Agriculture should be the top-most priority of administration in Egypt.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment on the growth of port logistics industry through the development of port hinterland and the creation of port trade volume. The method is based on the vector autoregression model (VAR). We estimate the long-term relationship between the growth of the port logistics industry and foreign direct investments through cointegration tests and estimation of cointegration coefficients. We also analyze on short-term dynamics as well as long-term equilibrium relationships through causality tests, impulse response function and forest error-variance decomposition using error correction model. As a result, foreign investment factors have a positive (+) impact on the growth of the port logistics industry in the long term and short term. In particular, the impact of inward foreign direct investment on the port logistics industry is more immediate and impactful over a relatively long period of time and statistically significant than that of outward foreign direct investment. However, the contribution of outward foreign direct investment to the growth of the port logistics industry is larger than that of inward foreign direct investment, but it is decreasing with time. Therefore, it is necessary to raise policy and academic interest on how to link the growth of port logistics industry with the inward foreign direct investment and the outward foreign direct investment.

The jury is out and the verdict is in, according to most leftist commentators on the African National Congress (ANC) government. The South African political leadership has forgotten its institution...

The fact that Ukraine is involved in the worldwide process of globalization and integration intensifies the attraction of overseas capital, which is an important tool for structural changes in national economies, for replenishing the budgets of countries and ensuring their economic growth. The current economic development of Ukraine is a result of the lack of country’s own financial resources, which confirms the need to create a favourable investment environment and intensify international investment. In view of this, the essence of foreign investment has been considered; the main forms and modern approaches to the classification of foreign investment have been described. It has been highlighted that foreign direct investment is the most effective for further development of the national economy in the context of globalization. The main aspects that make Ukraine’s economy attractive for international investors have been identified. An economic and statistical approach has been used to analyze the volume of foreign direct investment in and from Ukraine and from the country in the dynamics as a whole, as well as in terms of individual countries. The orientation of foreign direct investment in certain types of economic activity has been analyzed; and the priority directions for foreign investment in the national economy have been determined. The transformational changes in the way how domestic statistical information related to foreign direct investment is displayed have been identified. It has been emphasized that currently the only body responsible for disseminating information related to international investment is the National Bank of Ukraine. The factors that affect foreign investment have been specified, as well as investment risks associated with the use of overseas capital in the country. It has been noted that the further implementation of Ukraine’s economic policy in the field of foreign investment is associated with the appropriate regulation of both attraction of investment and its effective use. Prospects for international investment in Ukraine have been highlighted.

ABSTRACTA key feature of the contemporary global economy is the unevenness of food production and trade. The problem of food dependency and the system’s lack of capacity to accommodate global demand continue to haunt the global food trade and capitalism in general. This paper shows that the global food trade emerged as a solution to the problem of food in capitalist development; however, this solution so far has been clearly limited in its scope and capacity. By exploring the three major global food crises since the mid-nineteenth century, I trace the historical forces behind the crises and the restructuring of the global food trade and production. Finally, I discuss the future of food in global capitalism and the ways of better feeding the world population, especially those in the third world.

Carbon footprints and development: Unraveling the puzzle in belt and road economies.

It is important to make decisions on how to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to China and know how the inequality of FDI introduction by locational different provinces. Following background descriptions on China’s FDI economic environments and FDI-related policies, this paper demonstrates the uses of geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) framework in solving a spatial multi-objective problem of evaluating and ranking China's provinces for FDI introduction. It implements a foreign direct investment decision support system, which reveals the main determinants of FDI in China and gives some results of regional geographical analysis over spatial data. Keywords: Foreign direct investment; Geographical information systems; Multi-criterion decision-making 1. INTRODUCTION Until late September 2004, there have been nearly 500,000 foreign investors with the total investment of USD 550.2 billion in People’s Republic of China from 192 countries and regions, who work in many sectors like manufacturing, service trade, agriculture, infrastructure, etc. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has driven the formation of Chinese open economy and accelerated its development. Especially these recent years, as a main power in Chinese economic development, foreign investment functions more and more strongly. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have gained popularity in recent years. GIS software is unique in its ability to capture, store, and manage spatially referenced data such as points, lines, and polygons (vector data model), or as continuous fields (raster data model). Application of GIS to economy decision-making systems is emerging rapidly as the quest for revealing the main determinants of FDI in China over well-known spatial phenomenon intensifies. This paper proposes a methodology, researches and implements a foreign direct investment decision support system (FDIDSS), which combines geographical information system (GIS) and a multi-criterion decision-making framework (MCDM) to reveal the determinants of introducing FDI in different provinces or regions. FDIDSS is developed for the Foreign Investment department of Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section two presents the background information of FDI, decision-making and the related work; section three presents the methodological framework and how to apply GIS technology in FDIDSS; section four gives results of FDIDSS and presents the empirical findings. Finally, section five demonstrates the future work. In discussing the methodology, a brief description of the steps for the multiple criteria decision-making framework is provided, and the model as utilized in this study.

The research focuses on analyzing the non-linear effects of international commerce and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the economic growth of Vietnam. This study utilizes the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model to examine the asymmetric impacts of international trade and foreign investment on the Vietnamese economic growth from the first quarter of 2008 to the fourth quarter of 2021. The findings suggest that a rise in foreign investment during the first phase has favorable outcomes for economic growth, with a reported impact of 53%. Nevertheless, it is important to note that FDI does not only contribute to the enhancement of economic development. According to reports, foreign investment has a negative impact of 13% on the rate of economic growth when it exceeds a certain threshold. However, the results of the research also indicate that Vietnam continues to face certain negative implications as a result of international commerce. The study highlights the importance for developing nations, such as Vietnam, to practice prudence in their trade endeavors and the influx of foreign investments to mitigate any negative repercussions on their economies. These insights underscore the significance of strategic economic planning and policy formulation in navigating the complexities of global economic interactions.

The causation link between foreign investments in Azerbaijan, the country's overall capital expansion, and the growth of the tourist industry is examined in this paper. The Granger technique was used to ascertain the causal connection. The World Bank provided the data set needed for the analytical step. The findings of the research conducted to ascertain the connection between total capital rises, foreign investments, and tourist revenues in Azerbaijan demonstrate that there is some causation. The study's findings indicate that in Azerbaijan, economic development and tourist revenue are related. In other words, as the economy develops, the tourist industry in this nation expands and generates more revenue. In addition, it is evident that the growth of the tourist industry in this nation is successful in luring foreign capital to this nation. The growth of the tourist industry has a direct impact on the rise in total capital rises, just as it does on luring foreign investment into the nation. In other words, the growth of the tourist industry is the primary driver of both domestic and international investments. It is acknowledged that causation exists in each of the three situations. 

आर्थिक विकासात विदेशी प्रत्यक्ष गुंतवणुकीची भूमीका (The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Economic Development)

Of all the competing prognostications for China’s rise, few disagree with the notion that this monumental ascent will have transformative affects upon both the PRC’s domestic political economy and the international system. In fact, ‘as a result of these concurrent and monumental changes’, McNally writes, ‘China has [already] begun to impact the world’s economics and geopolitics’ (McNally 2007: 4). And although the literature on contemporary Chinese affairs has produced a wealth of analysis, few of these have had success in characterising the forces shaping China’s modern transformation. That is, few have placed China’s rapid development within the context of ‘global capitalism’ or ‘capitalist development’. This is precisely the void that Christopher McNally has begun to fill with his edited volume, China’s Emergent Political Economy: Capitalism in the Dragon’s Lair. Herein, the monumental changes occurring in China are conceived as part and parcel of a capitalist transition. McNally begins with the premise that ‘capitalism constitutes the nature and logic of the predominant political economies of our time, [and] whether we like it or not, there is in fact no viable alternative to capitalism at this stage in world history…It shapes our present world in the most fundamental ways and should be up and front in social inquiry’. As such, the task undertaken in China’s Emergent Political Economy is ‘to explicitly interpret the enormous transformations taking place in China as associated with the same process of capitalist development that shaped the rise of the world’s advanced industrial nations, including Japan, Germany, South Korea, and Taiwan’ (McNally 2007: 8-9). China’s capitalist transition is then explored both as a phenomenon in itself, attempting to characterise the political economy of China’s contemporary transformation, and as it impacts vital aspects of China’s domestic and foreign policy. These two questions form the crux of the volume, and are present

‘Globalisation’ and ‘Liberalisation’ constitute the central theme of economic policy in nearly all developing economies now. It is more so in the context of Asian countries. These economies have launched great plans for speedier development of infrastructure and industrial growth in recent decades. As developing economies in general and Indian economy, in particular, have pitched high hopes of support from the foreign direct investment (FDI) in development action, foreign investors see great potential of growth in India and find Indian policy favourable towards foreign investment which allows an equal level playing field for them. This article tries to assess the role of FDI in India and its prospect in future. It also attempts to define FDI, and spell out its characteristics, trends of inflow, participation investing partners and states of ‘Make in India’ move with FDI trends. This article also explains the nature of obstacles on way for large-scale FDI inflow in India.

Introduction and Overview Part I. Global Capitalism at Bay? 1. Whither global capitalism? 2. The Christian response to global capitalism Part II. Theoretical Perspectives 3. The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of global business activity 4. Location and the MNE: a neglected factor 5. A generalized theory of foreign direct and foreign portfolio investment Part III. Regions and Globalization 6. Regions, globalization and the knowledge based economy 7. The changing geography of foreign direct investment 8. Globalization and recent developments in Asia 9. European integration and MNE activity 10. Re-energising the Trans-Atlantic connection Part IV. National Governments and Global Capitalism 11. Globalization: the challenge for national economic regimes