Negligible global but substantial regional effect of vegetation greening on the 21st century permafrost

Linguistic studies on the pedagogical aspects of ELF in professional and business contexts has largely focused on ‘white collar’ workplace settings and BELF. In this chapter I discuss the pedagogical aspects of EIL since they are appropriate for teaching domestic workers and ELF speakers within a local, domestic labour context among Portuguese and Spanish-speaking domestics and their Anglophone clients in a multilingual cleaning company in New Jersey, U.S. This project is situated within a broader theoretical framework of mobilities and globalization within the 21st century (Urry 2000; Adey 2010; Kramsch 2014) and concerned with the ‘consequences of globalization’ (Bauman 1998) and the ‘turbulence of modern migration’ (Papastergiadis 2000), both of which point to transient and dynamic individuals and the complexity of language learning and use of the target language, English.

There is a plethora of studies available on the impact of globalisation on various aspects of life in India including the educational field. Education is undergoing a constant change under the effect of globalisation. In the 21st century the effect of globalisation on education is due to rapid development in the field of communication and technology. Through this development changes have taken place within learning systems leading to the emergence of innovative ideas, new values and new techniques across the world. Advancement in the field of Information and Communicatoin Technology has brought about a significant change in the role of students and teachers, thus producing a shift in society from industrialisation to an information based society. It has affected culture and brought about cultural homonisation. This homonisation is now shaping the children, the future citizens of the world into “global citizens”.) Education has become invaluable for individuals. In today's environmenteducation provides individuals with better opportunities of employment in specialised fields, which in turn leads to a better lifestyle, power and social status. Education is thus becoming a lifelong learning and a training process, leading to the development of transferable skills and knowledge that can be applied to competitive markets where knowledge and information are being treated as a commodity. This paper analyses the effect of globalisation on education and also discuses about the impact of globalisation on culture.

An investigation into the arching action behaviour of part restrained concrete bridge deck slabs.

A Cultural Ambassador East and West: J. Hillis Miller’s <i>Lectures in China</i>

This theoretical article aims to provide an understanding of globalization's effect on language policy in Algeria. It explores the current status of English language adoption across different educational levels, with a particular focus on higher education within the framework of the Licence-Master-Doctorate system. The globalization process has undeniably led to the widespread use of English as the 21st century’s lingua franca, giving it a prominent role in various fields such as science, technology, trade, business, tourism, and education. This global interdependence and cultural integration have facilitated English linguistic dominance. In the Algerian context, this has significantly impacted the local language landscape and presents new challenges for language policy and decision-makers. Although English is not the primary medium of instruction in Algerian elementary and secondary education, it is increasingly seen as an essential tool in higher education to meet various utilitarian needs. The current study delves into globalization's effect on language policy in Algeria. Keywords: Educational context; English language; foreign languages; linguistic attitude; local languages.

With homogenisation of various cultural groups due to outside forces and the effect of globalisation, many traditional foods, as developed by various cultural groups, have been lost or on the verge of elimination. In this context, the present study aims to examine and document the traditional food knowledge of local people in Uttarakhand State of India. Interviews and interactions with the local people resulted in documentation of 38 cuisines traditionally prepared by the local people of selected study regions in Uttarakhand. Apart from boiled rice and chapattis (flatbread) of wheat flour, chapattis and porridge of finger millet flour and boiled barnyard and foxtail millets were frequently consumed dishes in combination with dishes made with locally grown pulses such as horse gram and black gram and vegetables such as potato, radish and other leafy vegetables. The supplementary dishes were locally called as fanu, chaisu, gathoni, thechwani, kafli and kadhi. Plants formed the major ingredients in making traditional cuisines. The present study documented 41 plant species comprising of cereals, millets, pulses and spices. With a view to enhance the taste of the dishes, different spices and condiments such as Allium humile, Allium wallichii, Cleome viscosa, Cannabis sativa, Perilla frutescens and Cinnamomum tamala were used by the local people. These dishes possessed some unique characteristics and ethno-medicinal values; hence, when required, they were used to cure a number of ailments as well. Since most of the mountain region in the study area was once inaccessible and health facilities were not much developed till recent times, the traditional health-care system was supported by the traditional food systems. The findings of the present study are further discussed in the context of sustainability of socio-ecological systems of Uttarakhand.

Comparative themes are implicit in much of this text. For example, attention was drawn in Chapter 3 to the powerful influence that Victorian domestic culture had in fusing the historical links between a cluster of English-speaking, home owning societies. The consequences of globalization — with its themes of broadening, stretching and increased velocity — for the British state and the governance of British housing were discussed in Chapter 2. Finally, the idea that British housing is in some ways ‘different’ from most of its European neighbours can be sensibly argued only in a comparative context. In this chapter the emphasis is on the broad issues which fall under the heading of ‘comparative housing’, of how to analyse and conceptualize the relationship between different countries and so to evaluate Britain’s position in the wider context of her European neighbours and those countries within the English-speaking domain. We have seen how, at the turn of the twenty-first century, Britain had matured as a nation of homeowners and simultaneously entered a period in which the break-up of council housing was being engineered. The structure of British housing — at least in terms of its tenure pattern — seems to be settling after nearly a century of change. In this broad-brush context, a key issue is to characterize British housing in this new post-modern condition. Has it become more ‘Anglicized’, through aligning more strongly with the English-speaking cluster and in a sense returned to its roots, or through the break-up of the monolithic state housing sector is it in the process of becoming more ‘European’?KeywordsWelfare StateHome OwnershipSocial HousingHousing PolicyHousing SystemThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Diaspora

Tropical medicine: a brittle tool of the new imperialism

In this chapter, the editors set out the background, rationale and structure for this collection. This presents an opportunity to look at families, diverse lives and also the forces that shape possibilities of living an adult sexed life. They explain the framing of the book and each contribution is summarised. The editors focus on not only diversity but also the forces that shape our experiences of intimacy, family, childhood and relationships in the 21st century. Each of these contributions to the sociological studying of the family disrupts the individualisation thesis through contributors’ analytical attention to subjectivity, emotion and structure in family life. Whilst the work is not culturally comparative, we consider the global impact of neoliberal ideology on our perceptions of family and parenting in the 21st century. The international dimension illustrates the causes and consequences of globalisation and the consequent effect on the economic and personal lives of individuals and families. The empirical evidence base of this volume covers the time span from the early 2000s to the present day and offers a critical analysis, current thinking and research in the field of personal, intimate and family lives.

The volume presents work on continuities and change that challenge normative definitions of family. The chapters are based on lived reality and include contributions from UK, South Africa and China. The collected work is organised in two sections with some chapters linked to austerity impacts in UK and Europe; some linked to methodological innovation and some reflecting international experiences. Whilst the work is not culturally comparative we consider the global impact of neo-liberal ideology on our perceptions of family and parenting in the 21st century. The international dimension illustrates causes and consequences of globalisation and consequent effect on the economic and personal lives of individuals and families. The empirical evidence base of this volume covers the time span from early 2000’s to the present day and offers critical analysis, current thinking and research in the field of personal, intimate and family lives.

This thesis is written from the first-hand perspective of a khandani or familial musician and looks at the effects of globalization on the sarangi tradition. As a professional musician, I have personally witnessed these effects first-hand and felt how they have impacted upon the Hindustani musical industry. This work focusses on the sarangi tradition in particular, looking at its early origins, its rise and fall and its unique form of adaptation in the face of contemporary and globalized forces. My personal knowledge of the sarangi tradition is coupled with practical experience of its adaptation and development in the 21st century applying an insider's perspective on critical, academic research into this area which has gone before in addition to specific data and arguments. This study examines what globalization is and how it manifested itself in India both economically and culturally during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The remarkable way in which this phenomenon impacted on Hindustani musicians and sarangi players is reviewed in detail though case studies, interviews and analysis of how globalization has provided networking and performance opportunities. The negative aspects of globalization are considered both in terms of musicality and the potential denigration of tradition. Ultimately the effects of globalization on sarangi players are complex and varied. The conclusion of this thesis forms an overall view from the writer's perspective whilst posing questions for the future and the challenges which sarangi players continue to face.

This article contains an investigation into the translation profession in Canada in the 21st century. The aim of this study is to investigate translation from the perspective of those who employ translators by analyzing a database of job advertisements for a variety of translation-related positions that were collected between January 2000 and December 2002. Spurred on by the effects of globalization, the language industry is in a period of change. Based on empirical evidence collected from the database, this article attempts to evaluate the current state of the profession in Canada and to determine what employers are seeking.

Malaysia, like many aspiring developing countries, is undergoing ahealth transition that has seen the concomitant decrease in communicable diseases and increase in chronic diseases due to urbanization, modernization and ageing population. Health in the Malaysian society will thus increasingly focus on emerging problems that are both chronic and infectious in nature, such as, heart disease,diabetes, cancer, mental health, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. Re-emerging diseases previously well-controlled, such as, tuberculosis for instance is another addition to these immediate health issues facing Malaysian society today. Despite the tremendous health gains and above average health status that Malaysians now enjoy, we are compelled to take stock of these urgent issues as well as to anticipate and handle serious challenges to our health in the 21st century. In this paper, we review the changing trends and discuss related challenges in disease pattern,environmental health, demographic impacts on health, migration influxes and health, effects of globalization on health, mental health and wellness as well as fundamental access and equality in health care.Being proactive, resilient and innovative, Malaysian society would forge ahead towards our Vision for Health in this new era.

REVIEWS 393 Milutinović, Zoran (ed.). The Rebirth of Area Studies: Challenges for History, Politics and International Relations in the 21st Century. I. B. Tauris, London and New York, 2020. viii + 216 pp. Table. Notes. Bibliographies. Index. $115.00. This is an excellent edited volume which makes a compelling case that ‘the declaration of Area Studies’ death was premature’ (editor’s introduction, p. 1). As Milutinović explains, Area Studies was declared to be passé for a number of reasons: because globalization had unified and homogenized the world; because Area Studies were too complicit in Cold War political projects; because they lacked ‘a specific method and a clear and unique object’ and because they were deemed incapable of theory-building (pp. 1–2). As this volume shows, these criticisms are all misplaced. It is hard to see anyone standing by that argument in these years of COVID and right-wing populism. In any case, Milutinović rightly observes that the effects of globalization always manifests in locally varied ways (p. 2). As for the second criticism, while it is true that Area Studies expanded during the Cold War period, so did other disciplines. The knowledge production of other disciplines has been used for political ends as well. Meanwhile, many Area Studies scholars have been able to subvert and criticize these power dynamics (p. 4, pointing also to the chapter by Wendy Bracewell in this volume). Milutinović also notes that Area Studies benefits multi-disciplinary and mixed method approaches. But even more than that, Area Studies bring something unique to the table of knowledge production: ‘without knowing what people from an area make of their world — or how they create their world, understood not as the mere physical environment, but as web of meanings — there is no understanding of the social and political world we attempt to study’ (p. 6). Finally, he notes that what is an ‘area’ is not fixed and this gives scholars the freedom to let research problems be their guide (p. 6). The high bar set by Milutinović in his introduction is met by the contributions that follow, which give the reader both a new perspective on the history of Area Studies and more reasons to fight for their continued existence. In chapter two (‘Twenty-first century Area Studies: Blurring genres, evolutionary thought and the production of theory’), Susan Hodgett discusses how Area Studies has evolved since the 1990s, arguing that it ‘is undergoing a period of rich intellectual curiosity, a boundary-crossing productivity, while playing an acknowledged role in informing and supporting other disciplines’ (p. 19). In chapter three (‘How to think about ‘area’ in Area Studies?’), Jan Kubik advances a novel understanding of ‘area’ based on an approach he calls ‘contextual holism’. In chapter four (‘Eastern Europe, with or without borders’), Wendy Bracewell shows that the ambiguities around the term SEER, 99, 2, APRIL 2021 394 ‘Eastern Europe’ help us think about Area Studies in general. It is also my observation that people who work on Eastern Europe and/or the post-Soviet spaces have made some of the most interesting contributions to debates about Area Studies, and the profile of contributors in this volume also confirms this pattern. In chapter five (‘Disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and the plurality of Area Studies: A view from the social sciences’), Mark R. Beissinger outlines the ways Area Studies remains essential to social sciences today, even as that relationship has been transformed from what it used to be in the Cold War period. In chapter six (‘Comparative Area Studies without comparisons: What can Area Studies learn from Comparative Literature?’), Zoran Milutinović tells Area Studies scholars to take a cue from Comparative Literature and to stop worrying about their identity — embrace the uncertainty and pluralism instead. As an IR scholar, I cannot help but think there are other fields besides Area Studies who could use this advice. In the last chapter (‘Rethinking Area Studies: Figurations and the construction of space’), Claus Bech Hansen deploys the figurations approach of Norbert Elias to mount a defence of Area Studies in the twenty-first century. In sum, this is a book that should be of great interest not only to Area Studies scholars but also anybody who...