Abstract
The prevalence of mobile phone addiction (MPA) has increased rapidly in recent years, and it has had a certain negative impact on emotions (e.g., anxiety and depression) and cognitive capacities (e.g., executive control and working memory). At the level of neural circuits, the continued increase in activity in the brain regions associated with addiction leads to neural adaptations and structural changes. At present, the spontaneous brain microstates that could be negatively influenced by MPA are unclear. In this study, the temporal characteristics of four resting-state electroencephalogram (RS-EEG) microstates (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4) related to mobile phone addiction tendency (MPAT) were investigated using the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS). We attempted to analyze the correlation between MPAT and corresponding microstates and provide evidence to explain the brain and behavioral changes caused by MPA. The results showed that the total score of the MPATS was positively correlated with the duration of MS1, related to phonological processing and negatively correlated with the duration of MS2, related to visual or imagery processing, and MS4, related to the attentional network; the score of the withdrawal symptoms subscale was additionally associated with duration of MS3, related to the cingulo-opercular emotional network. Based on these results, we believe that MPAT may have some negative effects on attentional networks and sensory brain networks; moreover, withdrawal symptoms may induce some negative emotions.
Highlights
With the multiple and ever-changing functions of mobile phones, internet use and mobile phone use have become closely interwoven (Montag et al, 2015)
In this study, based on the negative effects of Mobile phone addiction (MPA) on executive control and emotion, we examined the influence of mobile phone addiction tendency (MPAT) on the spontaneous brain activities related to executive control and the generation of emotions
We regarded them as an approximate normal distribution for further statistical analysis (Table 1)
Summary
With the multiple and ever-changing functions of mobile phones, internet use and mobile phone use have become closely interwoven (Montag et al, 2015). Among college students in China, for instance, the penetration rate of mobile phones rose from 84.6 to 99.3% between 2012 and 2015 (Bian, 2015; Long et al, 2016), and it is continually rising, while the prevalence of mobile phone dependence has been found to range from 4.1 to 37.9% (Wang and Zhang, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Long et al, 2016). An immediate impact on college students is that a higher level of MPA leads to a decline in their academic performance (Soyemi et al, 2015). Jacobsen and Forste (2011) identified a significant negative association between the use of mobile phones and academic performance among first-year university students in the United States. MPA has become a global concern because of its negative effects on memory and interpersonal communication (Hao et al, 2019; Miri et al, 2019), as well as its association with negative emotions (anxiety, depression, stress, and loneliness) (Demirci et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Gao et al, 2018)
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