Abstract
Negative (aversive) and positive (self-stimulation) intracranial reinforcement thresholds were determined in rats using a “double staircase” psychophysical procedure. Morphine raised aversive thresholds at all doses tested, while the drug lowered positive reinforcement thresholds at low or moderate doses. The results suggest the possible involvement of central motivational systems in the mediation of morphine-induced analgesia, the narcotic “high”, and narcotic addiction.
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