NEED ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NORTH MACEDONIA

In the current educational setting, the responsibility for teaching students with special needs no longer lies exclusively with special education (SPED) teachers. This shift indicates that the educational paradigm has shifted toward inclusion, necessitating regular interaction and collaboration between receiving teachers and students with special needs (Saloviita, 2018; Byrd R. & Alexander M. 2020) [9]. This study attempted to assess the level of knowledge, skills and attitude of receiving or regular teachers toward inclusive education in Angelo L. Loyola Senior High School, City of Carmona Cavite. It determined the receiving or regular teachers’ level of knowledge, on inclusive education, their level skills and attitude toward inclusive education. Further, it probed the relationship between respondents’ level of knowledge and level of skills on inclusive education; between the respondents’ level of knowledge and attitude for inclusive education and between respondents ’level of skills toward inclusive education. This study, which utilized the descriptive correlational research design, employed 73 regular teachers for its respondents. The findings of the study revealed that the receiving or regular teachers had high level of knowledge on inclusive education with an average mean of 2.93. They had high level of skills inclusive education with an average weighted mean of 3.16. Also, their level of attitude toward inclusive education was “positive” with an average weighted mean of 3.34 Further, there was significant relationship between the respondents’ level of knowledge and skills on inclusive education as shown by the probability value of 0.000 was lower than the 0.001 level of significance; significant relationship between the respondents’ level of skills and attitude toward inclusive education as shown by the probability value of 0.000 was higher than the 0.01 significance level. However, there was a low significant relationship between the respondents’ level of knowledge and attitude for inclusive education as shown by the probability value of 0.025 was less than the 0.05. significance level. It was concluded in the study that the receiving or regular senior high school teachers are conversant about inclusive education. They are generally capable to or inclined toward inclusive education. They have positive attitude or optimistic outlook to incorporate inclusive education in their regular teaching processes. Likewise, the higher their level of knowledge on inclusive education the higher is their level of skills for inclusive education and the higher their level of skills for inclusive education the positive is their attitude toward inclusive education.

This article analyses the quality of labour force in India using the data from India’s Citizen Environment and Consumer Economy (ICE) 360° survey (2016), which provides a view on how Indians earn, spend, save, invest, live, think, access amenities and public goods and consume. The approach adopted here provides an alternative perspective on the quality of labour force, which depends on skill levels, education and technology. The analysis reveals that Indian labour markets depicts a clear dichotomy between higher skill levels being dominated largely by the high-skilled workers and the manual jobs with lower skill levels for the low-skilled workers. Technology and digital usage has further accentuated this earnings differential. Also, higher skill levels in India tend to have both higher average earning and education levels compared to their lower skill counterparts, leading to widening the earning inequality.Further, this analysis provides important insights into the low skill levels of the vast Indian labour force, which would require re-qualification and re-specialisation of the labour force in order to compete in fast-changing globalised India. Thus, it becomes critical for Indian policymakers to relook the skill formation and education system to be able to swiftly and effectively respond to constantly evolving skill demand in the local, national and global market.

SUMMARY A number of economic and labor market trends in the United States over the past 30 years affect the well-being of workers and their families. This article describes key changes taking place and the implications for social and economic policies designed to help low-income working families and their children, particularly those families that include immigrants. Important conclusions that emerge include the following: * Diversity. The workforce, like the population, is more diverse than in past decades, as more workers and their families are of mixed ethnicities and more workers have families that include both immigrant and non-immigrant members. * Demand for Low-Skilled Labor. Although demand for high-skilled workers continues to increase, two-thirds of all jobs in the U.S. labor market do not require high skills or education, and the demand for low-skilled workers also is expected to continue over the next decade. * Skills Gap. Those with strong technical skills and college educations receive higher wages; and those with fewer skills and education are relegated to the secondary labor market where wages and job security are low and few employee benefits are offered. * Working Poor. Over 2 million persons are in poverty even though at least one person in their family works full time, year round. The authors conclude that policies to help low-wage workers with families need to focus on more work supplementation strategies, improved access to supports, more targeted education and training services, and proposals extending some form of legal status to undocumented workers. Without a commitment to such policies, working poverty is likely to continue, and children in immigrant families, in particular, are likely to stay poor, even with working parents. ********** A number of economic and labor market trends in the United States over the past 30 years have altered the characteristics of the workforce and have had an impact on the well-being of workers and their families. Low-income workers in particular have been affected by some of the macro-economic trends, such as the shift in the industrial base of the nation from one centered on manufacturing to one focused more on services and, especially since the 1990s, to one defined by technology and communication. Because of economic restructuring, the gap between wages paid to those with high levels of education and skills and those with low levels of education and skills has widened. Meanwhile, the United States has experienced a shift in the ethnicity and national origins of its population, and therefore its workforce, as well as a continuing shift in family structure. The past two decades have seen a high and sustained inflow of immigrants and an increase in the proportion of the population with limited English proficiency. A significant share of the immigrant population possesses educational deficiencies and limited work skills, which means they generally enter the low-wage segment of the labor market. At the same time, the trend toward more single-parent households, at least in the non-immigrant population, continues to redefine family issues for low-wage workers, their employers, and public policy. This article describes key changes taking place in the economy and in the workforce that affect low-income families. (1) The implications of these broad and intermingled trends are discussed, along with social and economic policies designed to help low-income working families, particularly those that include immigrants. Trends in the Economy and Employment Despite the slow-down and recession in 2001 and 2002, the U.S. economy is extremely strong. The long period of economic growth in the 1990s--with strong job growth, high productivity, and low inflation--brought unemployment to historically low levels. More people, even those with relatively limited labor market experience, worked in the 1990s, and poverty rates showed a slight decline even for single mothers and their children. …

Taking into consideration the dynamic development of modern society, the requirements for the process of training future teachers of labor education and technology are growing. An effective factor in reforming the national higher education system is the humanization of the studying process, including: complex development and implementation into practice of individual potential for professional development in terms of master’s training and installation for continuous and complex improvement of professional and personal qualities, pedagogical skills development. The system of professional training of applicants for the second (master’s) level of higher education should be aimed at ensuring the quality of competitive teachers and lecturers with high level of competence, pedagogical skills and personal qualities. The subject of the research: technologies of pedagogical skills development of future labor education and technologies teachers. Research methodology is based on general research methods of analysis and synthesis. The purpose of the research work is to analyze the approaches of national and foreign researchers to determine the essence of the concepts “pedagogical skills” and “technology”; to reveal the essence of the basic construct “pedagogical skills of future labor education and technology teachers”, to determine and theoretically substantiate effective technologies for the development of pedagogical skills of future teachers of labor education and technology in terms of master’s training. Conclusion. Pedagogical skills of future teachers of labor education and technology is the highest level of professional development of the individual, determined by psychological and pedagogical training, ability to solve pedagogical problems optimally, innovation, creativity, mobility, high level of pedagogical techniques and pedagogical thinking, professional and pedagogical competence etc. Technology is a skillful, effective way of education organizing, the optimal set of methodological approaches, methods and tools for the educational process organizing, as well as pedagogical principles. In our opinion, it is advisable to use the following technologies to develop the pedagogical skills of future teachers of labor training and technology: project technologies (implementation by future teachers of labor training and technology of a professional project, for example, collection of materials (portfolio), presentation, music video, album, exhibition, etc), training technologies (training form that helps to reveal and improve personal potential, to establish means of interaction of verbal and nonverbal self-expression), coaching (interactive communication of undergraduates in the format of “question-answer”, partnership (equal, facilitative) interaction of the teacher-coach and future teachers of labor education and technology), technology for the critical thinking development (taking into account scientifically proved patterns of interaction between personality and information); organization of educational activities, which contains 3 stages (phases): challenge, comprehension and reflection, mnemonics (establishing associative links using special methods and techniques), dialogical training (maintaining the parity of partners in the process of communication with a culture of communication) and others. The use of innovative technologies which are identified by us significantly affects the quality of pedagogical skills development of future teachers of labor education and technology in terms of master’s training.

Recently, remote education methods have been needed due to the globalization of production activity in companies. Moreover, it is becoming difficult to perform conventional on-the-job training (OJT) due to a reduction in the number of skilled domestic engineers. Therefore, we are developing a New OJT system as a remote e-learning skill education support system. The prototype of the system has now been developed. However, it is only able to provide education in low-level skills (education of skill level 1 is described later). The purpose of this research is to investigate education in high-level skills using the New OJT system, and to raise the level of the learner's skills. According to the finding of brain science, the discovery of “novelty” attracts attention. In addition, it is assumed that the selection of an action becomes adequate by correcting the incorrect answer action. Therefore, the following three methods are proposed for improving the learner's skill level. (1) Mistakes and problems are experienced as incorrect answer actions in the skill education. (2) A mental model to deal with the mistakes and problems that occur by accident. (3) A cause conception training method that is concerned with the causes and measures of the mistakes and problems. In an experiment, a learner studied the operation of the Numerical Control (NC) machine using the above-mentioned three methods. As skill level is classified into four classes, the learner's skill was evaluated on each class. Moreover, improvement in the learner's skill level was observed. Thus, the effectiveness of the proposed skill level improvement method was shown.

The cohort of young workers born between 1980 and 1995 has been given a wide range of labels by various authors and commentators, including “Millennials” (Strauss and Howe 1991), “Generation Y” (Johnson and Johnson 2010),“Gen Me” (Twenge 2006), “Nexters” (Zemke et al. 2000), “the next great generation” (Howe and Strauss 2000), and the “nexus generation” (Barnard et al. 1998). In recent years, they have earned an unfortunate new moniker: “generation screwed” (Girod and Shapiro 2012). This epithet conveys an image of a generation facing an uncertain future with bleak prospects of quality permanent employment, rising levels of personal debt, and an inability to maintain the quality of life afforded by their parents (Carbone and Cahn 2014). The current narrative in the mass media and popular press suggests that despite high levels of education and technological skills, Millennials across the developed world are plagued by high levels of unemployment and underemployment (Foster 2012). If this characterization is correct, persistent high unemployment rates could create social and economic problems such as long-term (structural) unemployment, widespread low-quality jobs, and a loss of confidence among young workers (ILO 2013).

Smartwatches are a type of wearable device that enable continuous monitoring of an individual’s activities and critical health metrics. As the number of older adults age 65+ continues to grow in the U.S. so does their usage of smartwatches, making it necessary to understand the real-world uptake and use of these devices to monitor health. In this study, older adults with a relatively high level of education and digital skills were provided with a smartwatch equipped with a mobile application (ROAMM) that was worn for a median of 14 days. Usability surveys were distributed, and a qualitative analysis was performed about participants’ experience using the smartwatch and ROAMM application. Constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research were incorporated into in-depth interviews, which were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Interviews among 30 older adults revealed the following main themes: 1) familiarization with the device and adoption and acceptance, 2) factors encouraging usage, such as a doctor’s endorsement or the appeal of tracking one’s health, and 3) barriers to usage, such as insufficient education and training and the desire for additional functionality. Overall, participants found the smartwatch easy to use and were likely to continue using the device in a long-term study. Data generated from smartwatches have the potential to engage individuals about their health and could inspire them to participate more actively during clinical encounters.

Reviewed by: Koreiskii etiket: opyt’etnograficheskogo issledovaniia (Korean etiquette: an ethnographic study) by Denis A. Samsonov V. Ivanov Konstantin, Ph.D. Candidate Koreiskii etiket: opyt’etnograficheskogo issledovaniia (Korean etiquette: an ethnographic study) by Denis A. Samsonov. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2013. 144pp. This work is devoted to one of the key themes of Korean studies: Korean traditional etiquette. Neo-Confucianism placed particular importance on rules of ritual and ceremony, the observance of which was a key to social harmony. This work is notable because it examines a number of elements of traditional Korean culture from the perspective of Russian researchers. This study focuses on the most common forms of ritual and etiquette behavior among Koreans. Furthermore, the author shows the relationship of such behavior to the traditional worldview and religious beliefs of Koreans. In [End Page 399] this work the author consistently considers the relational and behavioral aspects of the traditional Korean family, analyzes the etiquette of life cycle rituals, elements of Korea’s traditional costumes, as well as some important kinesic aspects of communication (i.e. body language such as facial expressions and gestures) in contemporary Korean society (kinesics denotes non-verbal behavior related to movement, either by some part of the body or the body as a whole). This work is based on three main sources: 1) the notes and papers of Russian travelers in Korea in the late nineteenth–early twentieth centuries; 2) the works of Russian and Soviet researchers dedicated to the study of the traditions of Far Eastern peoples (especially Koreans and Chinese); and 3) the works of contemporary Korean scientists dedicated to the study of traditional Korean etiquette and its role in modern Korean life. The first group of sources deserves further comment. Despite the fact that Russian travelers in Korea were not professional orientalists, their high level of education and observation skills allowed them to describe in detail images of Korea during a period of tremendous change (1880s–1900s). Samsonov’s work takes into account the experiences of famous Russian and Soviet era Korea specialists: Zharylgasinova, Ionova, Kurbanov, Atknine, and Lankov, among others. It should be added here that the author defended his thesis on the topic “Ethnic stereotypes of Korean behavior” in 2007. As far as I know, Samsonov did not conduct field ethnographic research in Korea, so he had to rely on the works of contemporary Korean social scientists to create a full picture of his subject. Samsonov notes that among his sources, the research of Korean social scientist Yi Kwanggyu 李光奎 played an important role in his study of Korean family etiquette. Because the studies of Yi Kwanggyu were undertaken from the 1950s to the 1970s, though this was a period when the Korean countryside was undergoing great change, they captured aspects of Korea’s traditional lifestyle. Part one, “The Korean system of kinship and family etiquette,” is dedicated to an examination of the traditional Korean kinship system and its role in the formation of social relationships and Korean family etiquette. The author examines in considerable detail the system of kinship relationships and the nomenclature of relatives in Korea (a subject that is rather complicated for unskilled Western readers). It should be noted that the explanations of the author are quite easy to understand. In the second chapter of the first part, the author gives a description of traditional Korean family etiquette. Also, he considers the roles of husband and wife and the relationship between father and son. Part two, “The etiquette of life cycle observances,” consists of three chapters. [End Page 400] The first chapter is devoted to the rituals associated with childbearing, childbirth, and the tol chanch’i ceremony. The second chapter focuses on the ceremonies associated with the coming-of-age of young Koreans, such as the kwallye 冠禮 (the coming-of-age ceremony for a young man) or kyerye 筓禮 (a similar ceremony for girls). Further, the author examines the complex of rituals that form the wedding ceremony, or hollye 婚礼. Finally, the third charter of part two is devoted to the sixtieth anniversary ceremony, or hwangap 還甲 (also known as hoegap 回甲), funeral and mourning rites, or sangnye 喪禮, and ancestor worship ceremonies, or cherye 祭禮. In addition, part two includes photographs of various...

This is the first of three articles on aged returnees. Aged returnees are defined as those who are farm-householders or their spouses and re-establish their position in the community after they leave their previous work outside farming. They have received much attention these days as many of them take up farming, causing the ageing of the local agricultural labour force, and also as they may be able to perform important roles in the everyday activities of local communities.The present paper is mainly concerned with the analysis of the recent trend of aged returning and its backgrounds. It was found from a preliminary study that the aged returning is a phenomenon promoted by the increase in part-time farming and also by the ageing of farming populations and the fanning labour force. This leads the authors to estimate that: (1) the number of aged returnees will rise in future; (2) their distribution will accompany local differentials as it has so far.To follow this, forty-seven prefectures were classified into five typologies based on the recent trend, and Oita and Iwate prefectures were chosen for further investigation: the former having a long-established experience in aged returning, and the latter showing signs of an increase. The results show that: (1) most aged returnees leave their outside-work at the age of retirement and a high proportion of those who settle in the community engage in fanning This indicates that they present high po-tential for playing important roles in community activities; (2) the availability of employment oppor-tunities outside farming affects the numbers of aged returning, which is the cause for local differentials in its distribution.

This is to follow the previous article in which we showed that the number of returnees will increase in the near future and that they can play an important role in revitalizing local communities. The present paper is concerned with the analysis of their characteristics, and their contributions to farming and social activities in local communities. A mail survey was conducted in Oita andIwate prefectures concerning two types of aged members (50 and above) of farm families; (1) those who had always lived there and quit their off-farm employment about ten years before, (2) those who had been away and return to their native places about ten years before. This article focuses on the former group because there are few in the latter category. Aged returnees tend to have a high level of education and special skills, and a high proportion of them are alone or part of a nuclear family. It is shown that aged returnees are apt to hold many types of office, introducing unconventional forms of office holding and community power structure. The main reason for their readiness to hold office is perceived obligation to do community had been freed from them until they became returnees. They are expected to perform roles by the established residents. Our result indicate that within the context of the present trend of an aging agricultural labor force and rural population it is time to look into ways to tap the talents and abilities of aged returnees for the maintenance and development of local communities.

Mongolia's Ministry of Infrastructure has proposed a Draft Law on Information Technology that is now being considered by Mongolia's State Great Khural, the country's parliament. The core conclusion of this analysis and critique is that the Draft Law as it now stands would do significant harm to Mongolia's vibrant and promising information and communication technology (ICT) sector. For the reasons detailed in this analysis, the Draft Law should be substantially revised and rewritten. To fulfill its responsibilities as the guardian of the people of Mongolia, the Great Khural must give careful consideration to each of the many policy choices that would be codified in the provisions of the Draft Law. An alarmingly high portion of the policy choices in the Draft Law will cause harm to Mongolia's national Internet and e-commerce sectors and to its future as a competitive player in the global information and communication technology markets. Many provisions are confused and confusing, apparently reflecting a lack of technical understanding. At home, the Draft Law would crush e-commerce with unnecessary regulatory burdens, block effective deployment of new technologies and infrastructures, raise the costs of Mongolia's ICT enterprises, restrict the range and reduce the quality of communications services, and increase the monthly bills for Mongolian users. If the Draft Law is approved and implemented as it is currently written, Mongolian citizens will be saddled with fewer choices, older technology, slower connectivity, higher prices, irrational limits on technology, and more bureaucracy. Perhaps worst of all, the Draft Law's burdensome regulations are so vague and expansive that they will undoubtedly open new vistas for governmental abuse and corruption. For Mongolia, the net result would be a costly tragedy of short-sightedness and a squandering of potential: with its high levels of education, literacy, and technical skills, the country is well-situated to be a highly competitive player in the global market for ICT services. Mongolia deserves much better than the broken legal framework of the Draft Law on Information Technology. If the country is to foster entrepreneurship, local enterprise, and low-cost, high-quality ICTs for all Mongolians, the Draft Law must be thoroughly reconsidered and rewritten.

Using nationally representative data from the Labor Force Survey for 2021, this study investigates the factors associated with changes in the employment and income of Vietnamese workers aged ≥50 years due to COVID‐19. Employing multinomial logistic regression analysis, the first model investigates changes in employment (i.e., job loss, temporary absence, increased work hours, change in work mode, and no employment change). The second model illustrates changes in income (i.e., lower/higher income and no change). Independent variables include demographic characteristics and employment features (e.g., industry and information technology (IT) use). The findings emphasize that a stable job, such as one that contributes to social insurance or employment with state or private establishments, can reduce the risk of job loss and income reduction. Moreover, older workers with high levels of education and work skills, such as IT use, are associated with an increased probability of remote work, which reduces the risk of job loss during the pandemic. The results imply that formalizing employment and increasing the human capital of older workers are effective approaches for achieving employment and income security, especially in the case of unforeseen circumstances.

The introduction of a National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) in Australia has changed the basis of service provision for people with disability. This mixed-methods study presents the experiences of parents of children with hearing loss during national rollout of the NDIS. Surveys were completed by 100 parents, with 57 parents reporting their child received NDIS funding. Individual interviews of seven parents in different locations provided further information. Between-group comparisons were made and regression analysis examined the influence of parental disadvantage on NDIS experiences. Qualitative data were analysed for themes and findings were triangulated. The NDIS has improved services for some children with hearing loss but initial access and ongoing navigation can be challenging for others. Barriers included a complicated system, planning delays, poor communication and uninformed National Disability Insurance Agency (NDIA) staff. This study suggests areas of refinement and further investigation that may improve services for children with hearing loss. Points of interest Parents of children with hearing loss in Australia had difficulty accessing the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) due to poor communication and delays. Parents reported the NDIS system was challenging and felt they needed high levels of education and advocacy skills to navigate the system and prepare information to justify necessary disability supports for their child. Parents were concerned that disadvantaged families would not receive adequate supports for their child with hearing loss due to the complexity of the NDIS. This small-scale national study indicates that recent and upcoming changes to the NDIS should be evaluated to ensure children with hearing loss can access equivalent funding packages and services regardless of family circumstances.

In order to improve the training of masters majoring in “Personnel Management”, a sociological study of the opinions of employers was carried out. Based on the results of the study, HRtechnologies were clarified and the content of professional competencies, which should be possessed by specialists in HRM departments of organizations and enterprises who belong to the category of creative personnel, was disclosed. The main driving force behind the growth of innovative economies of developed and developing countries is a social group of people characterized by a high level of education, creative abilities and entrepreneurial behavior skills. This social group is called the “creative class”. The general criteria for classifying employees as creative personnel are defined. At the preliminary stage of the study, the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education 38.04.03 “Personnel Management (Master’s level)” was analyzed as well as the requirements of a professional standard for a HRM specialist. To study the opinions of employers, a two-stage study was carried out. At the first stage, a focused interview with senior management staff was carried out in order to find out the practical methods of working with creative staff (N = 43). The working hypothesis was the assumption that there is a significant specificity in the processes of attracting, developing and retaining creative staff. The results of the processing of interview texts are presented. Based on the interview, a list of professional competencies was prepared, the possession of them can improve the quality of creative staff management. At the second stage, a questionnaire survey was conducted among a wider group of employers with the task of determining the priority of the proposed professional competencies (N=87). Interviews and questionnaires were conducted with representatives of human resources and the management team of enterprises and organizations (including higher education institutions) of Nizhny Novgorod, whose main activity is aimed at obtaining an intellectual product. Two senior employees of one of the largest startups in Silicon Valley (USA) were among the interviewees. The authors, with the support of the Vladimir Potanin Scholarship Program, have developed a master’s program in Creative Human Resources Management. Based on the results of the study, appropriate adjustments were made to the work programs of the disciplines and to the list of professional competencies of the developed master’s program, which determine its orientation.

Atopic disease and cardiovascular risk factors in US children