Near-infrared xanthene fluorescence probe for frequency upconversion fluorescence detection of HSO3− in evaluation of drug-induced hepatotoxicity

Abstract

Bisulfite (HSO3−) plays an important role in life activities. Abnormal content of HSO3− may cause cardiovascular, cancer and other diseases. Frequency upconverted luminescent (FUCL) probes are a class of anti-Stokes luminescent materials with long-wavelength excitation and short-wavelength emission properties, which offer advantages in a range of applications due to their higher sensitivity and photostability. In addition, FUCL imaging has the advantages of high tissue penetration depth and low photo-damage, thus, it is more suitable for fluorescence imaging. In this work, a FUCL probe based on an xanthene fluorophore was designed and synthesised to detect HSO3−. The Probe PT-1 could respond to HSO3− and had high selectivity and sensitivity. It also exhibited a quenched FUCL signal. The detection limit of FUCL concerning HSO3− was 43 nM (λex = 730 nm), which is half the detection limit achieved under traditional excitation (93 nM, λex = 643 nm). Cell fluorescence imaging showed that PT-1 could effectively target mitochondria and monitor endogenous/exogenous HSO3− in living cells. More importantly, PT-1 was successfully used to monitor the level of HSO3− in mice with drug-induced liver injury through FUCL imaging.