Near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to detect and quantify adulteration of maca powder

Abstract

Maca ( Lepidium meyenii Walp.) is a cruciferous edible and medicinal plant rich in nutrients. As maca demand in the international market is gradually increasing, dishonest people have been using low-priced alternatives to either adulterate or falsify maca and increase their profit. Existing methods to identify and quantify adulterated maca are laborious, expensive, destructive, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. Thus, it is imperative to develop a method to overcome these problems to effectively authenticate maca products. We combine near infrared spectroscopy with chemometrics to classify and quantify maca powder adulteration by turnip and radish powder. Different maca samples were adulterated with turnip and radish powder individually at different percentages (5–95%). Specifically, discriminant analysis based on a support vector machine provides a classification accuracy of 100%, allowing near infrared spectroscopy to be used to distinguish maca powder adulteration. Furthermore, to calibrate a regression model, we evaluated the partial least squares (PLS), interval PLS, and synergy interval PLS (siPLS). The siPLS models were determined as the best models for the quantification of maca powder adulterated with turnip and radish powder, in which the correlation coefficients were both 0.97 with root-mean-square error of prediction values of 5.79% and 5.85% for the two models, respectively. The combination of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics can provide a fast, simple, and environment-friendly analytical method for identifying and quantifying the properties of maca.