Near infrared light-enhanced peroxidase-like catalytic activity of copper tannic acid nanosheets for ultrasensitive detection of volatile sulfur compounds.

Detection of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by gas chromatography (GC) is a widely used method for evaluating breath odor. Air aspirated from the mouth is injected into the GC column for analysis. To eliminate discrepancies caused by variations in operator sampling or injection techniques, a new GC system designed to aspirate breath samples directly into the GC was developed.Objective A clinical study was performed to compare this new automated breath‐sampling GC system to organoleptic evaluation by two‐trained odor judges.Methods A randomized, two‐cell, double‐blind, parallel design was used in which subjects were tested before and 3 h after using either a mouthrinse containing zinc or a matching placebo rinse. Thirteen subjects used the zinc mouthrinse, and twelve used the placebo. Subjects with a wide range of VSC levels were studied. The average organoleptic ratings for each subject at each time point were compared to the average VSC measurements made with the GC, and Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients between the corresponding GC and organoleptic measurements were determined.Results The correlation between the GC and organoleptic assessment methods were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for: total VSCs, 0.65; H2S, 0.63; CH3SH, 0.61; and (CH3)2S, 0.46. The correlation between the two judges was also highly significant (0.823, P < 0.001).Conclusion These results demonstrate the utility of the automated gas chromatography method for evaluating breath odor.

Background: Detection of oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) by gas chromatography (GC) is a widely used method for evaluating breath odor. Air aspirated from the mouth is injected into the GC column for analysis. To eliminate discrepancies caused by variations in operator sampling or injection techniques, a new GC system designed to aspirate breath samples directly into the GC was developed.Objective: A clinical study was performed to compare this new automated breath‐sampling GC system to organoleptic evaluation by two trained odor judges.Methods: A randomized, two‐cell, double‐blind, parallel design was used in which subjects were tested before and 3 h after using either a mouthrinse containing zinc or a matching placebo rinse. Thirteen subjects used the zinc mouthrinse, and 12 used the placebo. Subjects with a wide range of VSC levels were studied. The average organoleptic ratings for each subject at each time‐point were compared with the average VSC measurements made with the GC, and Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients between the corresponding GC and organoleptic measurements were determined.Results: The correlation between the GC and organoleptic assessment methods were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for: total VSC, 0.65; H2S, 0.63; CH3SH, 0.61; and (CH3)2S, 0.46. The correlation between the two judges was also highly significant (0.823, P < 0.001).Conclusion: These results demonstrate the utility of the automated GC method for evaluating breath odor.

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are prevalent human biogases detectable in individuals with periodontal disease; therefore, measuring VSC gases in human breath can yield significant, noninvasive diagnostic information indicative of such diseases. In this study, we developed a gas sensor with selective and enhanced sensing capabilities for VSCs methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide. This sensor comprises a cellulose paper substrate impregnated with 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) and sodium acetate. Upon exposure to VSC gases, the initially white sensor element was reversibly changed to yellow. A peak in the diffused reflectance spectrum was noted at 420 nm, establishing a linear relationship between the Kubelka-Munk (K-M) values at 420 nm and the VSC exposure concentration. The sensor demonstrated high sensitivity to methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide with detection limits of 45 and 7.1 ppb in a 1 L volume, respectively. Furthermore, colorimetric analysis of the sensor element images indicated a negative correlation between the K-M value at 420 nm and the B/R value, enabling the calculation of VSC concentration based on the sensor's color change. The cost-effective paper-based sensor simplifies implementation in clinical applications and provides an assay ideally suited for point-of-care.

Odour emissions from anaerobically co-digested biosolids: Identification of volatile organic and sulfur compounds.

Background:The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in mouth air and the severity of periodontal diseases in young adults.Materials and Methods:A total of 400 subjects were studied. Estimation of periodontal disease severity was done using the basic periodontal examination (BPE) and the baseline measurement of the concentration of VSC in the mouth air of the subjects was done objectively using the Halimeter®.Result:The mean concentration of VSC for the group with BPE code 0 was 91.0 ± 5.9 parts per billion (ppb), 156.4 ± 9.4 ppb for BPE code 1, 275.2 ± 38.5 ppb for BPE code 2, 353.5 ± 72.3 ppb for BPE code 3, and 587.0 ± 2.1 ppb for BPE code 4 (P = 0.001). Majority (79.0%) of the subjects with BPE code 0 had concentration of VSC <181 ppb. Sixty-two (54.9%) with BPE code 1 had concentration of VSC <181 ppb, 34% with BPE code 2 had concentration of VSC <181 ppb and 42.9% with BPE code 3 had concentration of VSC <181 ppb. Only 6.5% of the subjects with BPE code 0 had VSC concentration >250 ppb, whereas all (100%) of those with BPE code 4 had VSC concentration >250 ppb (P = 0.001).Conclusion:It was concluded that a relationship exists between the periodontal pocket depth and the concentration of VCS in mouth air of young adults.

In situ synthesis of copper metal-organic framework on paper-based device for dual-mode detection of volatile sulfur compounds in exhaled breath

Background:The major goal of non-surgical periodontal therapy is to reduce or eliminate the subgingival pathogenic microbial flora that is known to be associated with volatile sulfur compounds (VSC).Aim:The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the concentration of VSC in mouth air of young adults.Subjects and Methods:Four hundred subjects, grouped into two based on the absence or presence of periodontal diseases, were involved in this study. Basic periodontal examination was used for the grouping. The measurement of the concentration of the VSC in the mouth air of the subjects was done objectively, using the Halimeter, before and after the therapy, and at recall visits 2 weeks and 6 weeks after therapy. Chi-square and Paired t-test were used to find statistical significance.Results:The results revealed that at baseline, 78.7% (48/61) of the subjects who had VSC concentration more than 250 parts per billion (ppb) were from the group with periodontal disease. Immediately after non-surgical periodontal therapy, only 8.5% (17/200) of the subjects with periodontal disease had VSC concentration of more than 250 ppb while all the subjects with no periodontal disease had VSC concentration less than 181 ppb. The same pattern of reduction in the concentration of the VSC and improvement in oral hygiene was also obtained 2 weeks and 6 weeks after therapy.Conclusion:It can be concluded that non-surgical periodontal therapy brought about reduction in the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air of young adults.

AIM, BACKGROUND: Oral malodour (halitosis) is generally ascribable to oral microbial putrefaction generating malodorous volatile sulphur compounds which predominantly comprise dihydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan. This study assesses the relative effectiveness of 6 oral health care products in reducing oral cavity volatile sulphur compound concentrations. A mixed model 3-factor factorial experimental design involving 6 volunteers, 7 treatment regimens (products I-VI* and water placebo) and 5 time-points (0.00-5.29 h) was undertaken. Electron-donating volatile sulphur compound levels were determined in triplicate using a sulphide monitor (Interscan model 1170) both prior to (0.00 h) and following oral rinsing (20 ml of 5 of the products) or chewing (2 capsules of the remaining product) episodes with each product examined (0.29, 1.29, 2.29 and 5.29 h post-administration). Results were recorded as peak and steady-state volatile sulphur compound equivalents (ppb). With the exception of one of the products, each oral health care product tested was found to reproducibly reduce volatile sulphur compound concentrations within 20 min of treatment; the mean % decreases in peak (and corresponding steady-state) levels ranging from 3.6 (0.0) to 16.8 (16.4)%. Subsequently, volatile sulphur compound concentrations returned to their zero-control (baseline) values within 5 h, the rate of this regression being in the reverse of the order observed for the magnitude of the primary 20 min reduction for both peak and steady-state measurements. As expected, the water placebo exerted no influence on oral cavity volatile sulphur compound levels. The most effective oral health care products contained admixtures of chlorite anion and chlorine dioxide (both of these agents have the ability to directly oxidise volatile sulphur compounds to non-malodorous products and the latter is also powerfully cidal towards odourigenic micro-organisms). We therefore conclude that oral health care products containing such oxohalogen oxidants may provide a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oral malodour.

The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between halitosis and oral bacteria in tongue coating (TC) and saliva samples from patients with halitosis, and to evaluate the effect of tongue cleaning on halitosis. Ninety-four participants complaining of oral malodour were included in the study. Organoleptic (OR) values, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations determined by gas chromatography and TC scores were used as clinical parameters of halitosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to determine the numbers of periodontal disease-associated oral bacteria. There was a significant correlation between TC scores and OR values, methylmercaptan (CH3 SH) concentrations and VSC concentrations (Spearman's rank-correlation coefficient test, P<0.01). There was also a positive correlation between the clinical parameters of halitosis and total bacterial numbers and Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Campylobacter rectus concentrations in the TC samples. However, there was no similar correlation with respect to the saliva samples. The participants were sub-divided into two groups based on whether they had the habit of tongue cleaning or not. The participants with the habit of tongue cleaning had significantly lower OR scores, VSC concentrations and P.intermedia, F.nucleatum and C.rectus levels than the other participants (Mann-Whitney U-test, P<0.05). These results suggested that periodontal disease-associated oral bacteria in TCs are closely related to halitosis and that tongue cleaning may be an effective method for improving halitosis.

A laboratory-made passive sampler based on CuO microparticles was developed as a simple and cost-effective device for detecting volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). A small vial filled with CuO microparticles used as a passive sampler. In a closed system, and after exposed to the real sample (crude oil in Petri dish), the adsorbent was desorbed. The VSCs were detected in gas chromatograph (GC) with PFPD detector. The experimental results showed that CuO based passive sampler can detect many numbers of VSCs. The results from CuO micro-adsorbents were compared with commercial charcoal adsorbent in the same passive sampler setup. CuO based passive sample showed much better than charcoal in which the amount of VSCs adsorbed by CuO are nearly double value from charcoal adsorption. Furthermore, 2-Methylthiophene, 2-propanethiol and allyl methyl sulfide were adsorbed remarkably by CuO microparticles.

The emission of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) could cause environmental pollution, low-grade products and human health risks. Accordingly, it is of great significance to establish some sensitive and convenient analytical methods for their identification and determination. With the advantages of fast response, high sensitivity and simple instrument, chemiluminescence (CL) and cataluminescence (CTL) are promising for the detection of VSCs. So far, CL analysis of VSCs has been widely applied in various fields based on auxiliary CL methods and sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD), while CTL detection is prosperous in the construction of gas sensors, including the exploration of sensing materials and detection modes. Herein, this mini review briefly summarized the progresses, difficulties and future developments of CL analysis and CTL sensor in the detection of VSCs.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds in mouth air of young adult and their self perception of malodour and also to determine the relationship between the organoleptic assessment of young adult and their perception of malodour. A total of 400 willing participants were studied and they were grouped into two based on the health of their periodontium. Subjects were asked for self perception of malodour and organoleptic assessment was done to assess the level of malodour using the Rosenberg 0-5 scoring system. The concentration of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) was determined objectively using the Halimeter. Eighty subjects reported self perception of malodour i.e. 39 males (48.7%) and 41 females (51.3%). Only 9% of the subjects without periodontal diseases reported self perception of oral malodour while 31% of subjects with periodontal disease had similar claims. Majority (86%) of those who had VSC concentration less than 181 ppb claimed to have no self perception of malodour while 41% of those who had VSC concentration greater than 250 ppb had self perception of malodour. More than half (53.8%) of subjects with VSC concentration greater than 250 ppb had organoleptic score of 3. Half of subjects with organoleptic assessment score of 3 had self perception of malodour. It can be concluded from this study that a relationship exists between self-perception of oral malodour, organoleptic assessment and the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds in mouth air of subjects.

BackgroundThe main components of oral malodor have been identified as volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH). VSCs also play an important role in the progression of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the single ingestion of a tablet containing 20 mg of lactoferrin, 2.6 mg of lactoperoxidase, and 2.6 mg of glucose oxidase on VSCs in the mouth.MethodSubjects with VSCs greater than the olfactory threshold in their mouth air ingested a test or placebo tablet in two crossover phases. The concentrations of VSCs were monitored at baseline and 10 and 30 min after ingestion of the tablets using portable gas chromatography.ResultsThirty-nine subjects were included in the efficacy analysis based on a full analysis set (FAS). The concentrations of total VSCs and H2S at 10 min were significantly lower in the test group than in the placebo group (−0.246 log ng/10 ml [95 % CI −0.395 to −0.098], P = 0.002; −0.349 log ng/10 ml; 95 % CI −0.506 to −0.192; P < 0.001, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, a significant difference in the concentration of total VSCs between the groups was also observed when subjects were fractionated by sex (male or female) and age (20–55 or 56–65 years). The reducing effect on total VSCs positively correlated with the probing pocket depth (P = 0.035).ConclusionsThese results suggest that the ingestion of a tablet containing lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, and glucose oxidase has suppressive effects on oral malodor.Trial registrationThis trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (number: UMIN000015140, date of registration: 16/09/2014).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0199-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background/Objectives: Emerging laboratory technologies, such as breathomics, may enhance the early diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, including Bipolar Disorder (BD). This study investigates the detection of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in exhaled breath as potential biomarkers for BD, comparing VSC levels between individuals with BD, healthy controls, and individuals with non-pathological hyperactivity. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted involving 24 patients with BD and 95 healthy controls recruited at the University Hospital of Cagliari. Controls were selected using a matched-pair design based on age (±5 years) and sex through a block-matching technique to ensure comparability with cases. Participants underwent psychiatric interviews, completed the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), and had their exhaled breaths analyzed for VSCs using a gas chromatograph (OralChroma™). Controls were selected and randomized for age and sex. Results: Patients with BD exhibited significantly higher levels of methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) compared to healthy controls (18.62 ± 5.04 vs. 9.45 ± 18.64 ppb, p = 0.022). Among individuals without BD, those with positive MDQ scores showed lower levels of CH3SH than those with negative scores (9.17 ± 5.42 vs. 15.05 ± 18.03); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.254), highlighting how the deep connection between some clinical and laboratory aspects needs to be investigated more thoroughly. Conclusions: The results suggest a correlation between oral dysbiosis and metabolic alterations in patients with BD, with CH3SH levels being higher in cases compared to controls. Further studies are needed to validate the use of VSCs as potential biomarkers for BD and to investigate their role in individuals with non-pathological hyperactivity.

The articles in this special section describe the most recent advances in halitosis research presented at the Ninth International Conference on Breath Odor Research, a joint conference with the XXIV CONBRAPE (Brazilian Congress of Periodontology) held at Bahia Othon Palace Hotel in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on 25–28 May 2011. It has been almost half a century since Joseph Tonzetich of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (the first honorable member of the International Society for Breath Odor Research (ISBOR) who died in 2000, and is known as 'the godfather of halitosis research') published his first halitosis paper entitled 'Evaluation of volatile odoriferous components of saliva' in Archives of Oral Biology in 1964 [1]. This was the starting point for breath-odor research, long before ISBOR was established, although research in this area had declined by the time we convened global collaboration in halitosis research.