Natural resources based integrated agricultural system for the sustainable plantation industry

Abstract

Crop production is the management of plant environmental factors to achieve maximum and sustainable production. Thus the production of crops in an integrated agricultural system must be capable not only to integrate and to harmonize between commodity components, various species of crops and livestock, but also to integrate and harmonize these commodity components with various elements in every environmental factor, both biotic and abiotic. The integration and harmonizasion based on renewable natural resources is an effort to realize a sustainable plant production (for profit, for people and for planet). Two groups of environmental factors grow plants, namely Abiotics: Climate and Edafik (land), and Fire; And Biotics: Disruptive organisms (pests, diseases and weeds), beneficial organisms (land caverage vegetations, bacteria and non-pathogenic fungi, symbiotic). Climate and soil factors are the two main factors interacting with the changing environmental factors of crops as a result of climate change, whether global, local, or micro. These changes have been identified to be environmental stresses for plants. Abiotic stresses of temperature, water and nutrients provide a weakening condition, thereby increasing the vulnerability of plants to biotic stress. Various efforts need to be continued to develop integrated agricultural production technology that utilizes local natural resources to enable plants to adapt to environmental stress. Below, Integrated agriculture system will be describe into on-farm subsystem (horizontal diversification) and off-farm subsystem (vertical diversification).