Abstract
Natural Purification Through Soils: Risks and Opportunities of Sewage Effluent Reuse in Sub-surface Irrigation.
Highlights
Worldwide freshwater resources are under increasing stress, with a mismatch between demand and availability of water resources across both temporal and geographical scales (IWA 2018; UN-Water 2018)
Only an issue for arid regions with low rainfall and high population density that are prone to increasing water stress; temperate areas with intense agriculture suffer from frequent non-potable freshwater shortages (Massoud et al 2018; Voulvoulis 2018)
The results from this study suggested that in horizontal flow constructed wetlands, biotransformation is the major removal process during high temperature seasons, while sorption in the rhizosphere and crop uptake might be more prevalent during cold-low temperature seasons (Gorito et al 2017; Kahl et al 2017; Petrie et al 2018)
Summary
Worldwide freshwater resources are under increasing stress, with a mismatch between demand and availability of water resources across both temporal and geographical scales (IWA 2018; UN-Water 2018). There are uncertainties concerning the environmental and public health implications which are associated with the reuse of STP effluent for SSI in agriculture These are knowledge gaps pertaining (1) the fate of a broad range of CoECs during soil passage under field conditions including their transformation products (Li et al 2014; Petrie et al 2018), (2) the extent to which the dispersion of the mixture of CoECs is diminished and/or retained during SSI in agricultural fields (Christou et al 2017a; Greskowiak et al 2017), and (3) the adequate adaptation of current risk assessment tools for assessing both the possible opportunities and limitations of STP effluent water reuse (Baken et al 2018; Christou et al 2017b; Kase et al 2018). The review is enriched with concluding remarks and future perspectives of understanding the fate of CoECs in SSI with special emphasis on contaminants removal
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