Abstract
The optimal conditions of the catalytic activation of allophane were evaluated for possible use as a catalyst within a fluidized bed catalytic cracking unit (FCC). The physicochemical properties of natural allophane and activated allophane were studied by using an alkaline activating agent, followed by a hydrothermal treatment. For the characterization, analytical techniques were used: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size, (BET) surface area, thermogravimetry (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemisorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and chromatography. The catalytic evaluation was determined by the (MAT) micro activity test equipment constructed according to ASTM D-3907/D3907M-2019. In addition, the Navier–Stokes 3D equations (nonlinear partial derivatives) were studied, which allow studying molecular dynamics contributing substantively to chemical kinetics describing the process of decomposition of crude oil in thermal cracking, determining the maximum temperature at which it retains its properties through the action of heat.
Highlights
The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process converts heavy cuts into light ones
The physicochemical characterization was established according to the BET surface area results of of the samples analyzed; in the case of natural allophane, the selected samples were 3, 4, and 15
The active sites were determined by means of the chemisorption test for natural and activated allophane
Summary
The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process converts heavy cuts into light ones. The products obtained include dry gases, liquefied petroleum gas, light oil, heavy oil and mainly gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. Allophane is a nanoporous micro clay with an undefined crystalline structure. It consists of organic material and has a high moisture content due to its hygroscopic property and extensive surface area. It adsorbs large amounts of water due to its hygroscopic property; its adsorption capacity can be in a range of [20, 50]% by weight of water [2]
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