Nation Rebranding in Turkey

Name Entity Recognition is very important task in many natural language processing applications such as; Machine Translation, Question Answering, Information Extraction, Text Summarization, Semantic Applications and Word Sense Disambiguation. Rule-based approach is one of the techniques that are used for named entity recognition to identify the named entities such as a person names, location names and organization names. The recent rule-based methods have been applied to recognize the person names in political domain. They ignored the recognition of other named entity types such as locations and organizations. We have used the rule based approach for recognizing the named entity type (person names) for Arabic. We have developed four rules for identifying the person names depending on the position of name. We have used an in-house Arabic corpus collected from newspaper achieves. The evaluation method that compares the results of the system with the manually annotated text has been applied in order to compute precision, recall and f-measure. In the experiment of this study, the average f-measure for recognizing person names are (92.66, 92.04 and 90.43%) in sport, economic and politic domain respectively. The experimental results showed that our rule-based method achieved the highest f-measure values in sport domain comparing with political and economic domains.

Dialect Theory: C.M. Carver, English Dialectology and the Linguistic Atlas. J.K. Chambers, The Domain of Sociolinguistics. W. Labov, The Three Dialects of English. Regional Dialects: R.I. McDavid, Jr., V.G. McDavid, W.A. Kretzschmar, Jr., T.K. Lerud, and M. Ratliff, Inside a Linguistic Atlas. H. Kurath, The Sociocultural Background of Dialect Areas in American English. H.B. Allen, The Primary Dialect Areas of the Upper Midwest. L.M. Davis and C.L. Houck, What Determines a Dialect Area? W.A. Kretzschmar, Jr., Isoglosses and Predictive Modeling. T.S. Donahue, On Inland Northern and the Factors for Dialect Spread and Shift. R.R. Butters, Unstressed Vowels in Appalachian English. P.C. Nichols, Creoles of the USA. Social and Gender Dialects: W. Labov, The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores. A.S. Kroch, Toward a Theory of Social Dialect Variation. J.K. Chambers, The Variable as a Structural Unit. W. Wolfram, Identifying and Interpreting Variables. P. Trudgill, Accommodation between Dialects. D.R. Preston, Two Heartland Perceptions of Language Variety. R.P. Gaudio, Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men. J. Cheshire, The Relationship between Language and Sex in English. D. Tannen, The Relativity of Linguistic Strategies: Rethinking Power and Solidarity in Gender and Dominance. Ethnic Dialects, Education, and Social Issues: J. Rodby, A Polyphony of Voices: The Dialectics of Linguistic Diversity and Unity in the Twentieth-Century United States. R.W. Fasold, The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South. J. Baugh, Hypocorrection: Mistakes in Production of Vernacular African American English as a Second Dialect. M.D. Linn, Stylistic Variation in Vernacular Black English and the Teaching of College Composition. J. Penfield and J.L. Ornstein-Galicia, Speech Aspects of Chicano English. M. Hidalgo, On the Question of 'Standard' versus 'Dialect'. B. Craig, American Indian English. Historical Development and Language Change: W. Labov, Regular Sound Change in English Dialect Geography. J. Milroy, Social and Historical Linguistics. J.R. Rickford, Contemporary Source Comparison as a Critical Window on the Afro-American Linguistic Past. Index.

Over the past few decades, China has accumulated over US$3.4 trillion of official foreign exchange reserves as it rises to become a global power. Do China's financial assets increase its ability to pursue its national interests internationally? With the globalisation and rising influence of Chinese state-owned enterprises, state-owned banks and sovereign wealth fund, as well as China's growing clout in several regional groupings, it is clear that China does possess the necessary mechanisms to assert its financial power. This article examines the efficacy and limitations of these mechanisms in Africa and Latin America, in the economic and political domains. In the economic domain, China has consistently used foreign oil contracts and acquisitions to secure direct oil flow from developing nations. An analysis of recent cases shows that while China is able to successfully harness its financial power in its pursuit of oil, it needs to fulfil its promises to the satisfaction of the recipient countries in order to maintain the value of its offers. In the political domain, China has used its financial assets to purchase diplomatic allegiance from various African and Latin American countries in support of its One-China policy. Studying both successful and unsuccessful cases reveals that while China is generally able to use its financial power in third-world countries against Taiwan successfully, its national goals have, in recent years, shifted to the economic realm, even with countries that still recognise the Taipei government.

The key theoretical idea underlying this article is that an institutional equilibrium in the economic domain can be destroyed or transformed by rapid belief changes in the political domain. Events circa 1776, 1787, and 1860 in the United States are all examined in an attempt to understand the interaction between these economic and political transformations. More explicitly, the author views the economic domain as fundamentally three dimensional, characterized by the use of land, labor, and capital. In contrast to general economic reasoning, he considers the equilibrium in this domain to be institutional, rather than the consequence of the interplay of economic forces. Threats, generated in the political domain, have consequences in the economic domain, and these in turn induce belief changes in the political domain. Such belief changes may bring about war, or constitutional disequilibrium, leading possibly to a new political economic stasis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a need for better understanding of countries' vulnerability and resilience to not only pandemics but also disasters, climate change, and other systemic shocks. A comprehensive characterization of vulnerability can inform efforts to improve infrastructure and guide disaster response in the future. In this paper, we propose a data-driven framework for studying countries' vulnerability and resilience to incident disasters across multiple dimensions of society. To illustrate this methodology, we leverage the rich data landscape surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic to characterize observed resilience for several countries (USA, Brazil, India, Sweden, New Zealand, and Israel) as measured by pandemic impacts across a variety of social, economic, and political domains. We also assess how observed responses and outcomes (i.e., resilience) of the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with pre-pandemic characteristics or vulnerabilities, including (1) prior risk for adverse pandemic outcomes due to population density and age and (2) the systems in place prior to the pandemic that may impact the ability to respond to the crisis, including health infrastructure and economic capacity. Our work demonstrates the importance of viewing vulnerability and resilience in a multi-dimensional way, where a country's resources and outcomes related to vulnerability and resilience can differ dramatically across economic, political, and social domains. This work also highlights key gaps in our current understanding about vulnerability and resilience and a need for data-driven, context-specific assessments of disaster vulnerability in the future.

A state is defined as “failed” or “fragile” when it is unable to perform its core functions and displays vulnerability in the social, political, and economic domains. To identify the determinants of state fragility, an econometric analysis has been carried out to explain vulnerability in the economic, political, and social sectors of a country in a structural simultaneous equations framework. Failed States Index (FSI) data of 149 countries for the year 2007 has been used. The results support the hypothesis that there is a great degree of simultaneity in the vulnerability in these three domains and together they determine a country’s fragility/stability. It is seen that social vulnerability impacts political and economic vulnerability significantly, whereas political vulnerability has a definite effect on social vulnerability but not on economic vulnerability. Economic vulnerability has a limited effect on the vulnerability in the other two spheres – in the sense that a single dimension alone (either income level or income inequality but not both) appears to impact vulnerability in the social and political domains. The insignificant effect of political vulnerability on economic vulnerability is surprising. One plausible explanation is that political vulnerability may lead to economic vulnerability with a lag, while this study is based on data at a single point in time. However, further research is needed on this aspect. The broad policy implication of the study is that, to rebuild capacity in highly fragile or failed states, priority should be accorded to addressing social vulnerability through immediate political measures, followed by long-term initiatives to promote economic development.

Having re-established the town and publicly asserted their own story, the focus of many returnees began to shift to the next phase: achieving sustainability for Kozarac, in both the political and economic domains. In the political domain, the town was still very much dependent upon the local government in Prijedor for action, despite the early electoral successes in the first stages of return; but in the sphere of economic activity, they found themselves more free to act, and this provided an opportunity for the resourcefulness and experience of exile to be used as an advantage.

PurposeFear of cancer recurrence (FCR) interventions are effective, but few are implemented. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators for implementing the evidence-based blended SWORD intervention in routine psycho-oncological care.MethodsSemi-structured interviews with 19 cancer survivors and 18 professionals from three healthcare settings assessed barriers and facilitators in six domains as described by the determinant frameworks of Grol and Flottorp: (1) innovation, (2) professionals, (3) patients, (4) social context, (5) organization, and (6) economic and political context.ResultsIn the innovation domain, there were few barriers. Facilitators included high reliability, accessibility, and relevance of SWORD. In the professional domain, physicians and nurses barriers were lack of self-efficacy, knowledge, and skills to address FCR whereas psychologists had sufficient knowledge and skills, but some were critical towards protocolized treatments, cognitive behavioral therapy, or eHealth. Patient domain barriers included lack of FCR awareness, negative expectations of psychotherapy, and unwillingness/inability to actively engage in treatment. A social context domain barrier was poor communication between different healthcare professionals. Organization domain barriers included inadequate referral structures to psychological services, limited capacity, and complex legal procedures. Economic and political context domain barriers included lack of a national implementation structure for evidence-based psycho-oncological interventions and eHealth platform costs.ConclusionsImplementation strategies should be targeted at patient, professional, organizational and economic and political domains. Identified barriers and facilitators are relevant to other researchers in psycho-oncology that aim to bridge the research-practice gap.Implications for cancer survivorsThis study contributes to the implementation of evidence-based psychological interventions for cancer survivors, who can benefit from these services.

According to Helbing (Nature 497:51–59, 2013) [14] we are increasingly living in a world which creates ‘hyper-risks’ because of numerous networks and interdependencies. In this ‘hyper-connected world’ with interconnected social/technical/political/economic domains, shocks to regional, national and global systems can have significant security implications. This ‘hyper-connectivity’ characterized by the global pervasiveness of internet and cyber usage has also provided a conduit for threats to national security as described in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC in Comprehensive study on cybercrime, 2013) [34]. Robinson et al. (Cyber-security threat characterization A rapid comparative analysis, 2013: 5) [28] of RAND defines Cyber threats as ‘…those actors or adversaries exhibiting the strategic behaviour and capability to exploit cyberspace in order to harm life, information, operations, the environment and/or property’. The pervasiveness and impact of cyber-security threats has made it a top tier security issue in national risk assessments in the last five years (Robinson et al. in Cyber-security threat characterization A rapid comparative analysis, 2013: viii) [28]. Resilience thereby becomes a key property in the face of such threats. Resilience does not reside purely in cyber security patches and technical solutions but requires a more comprehensive and collaborative approach that embraces the social, organizational, economic, political and technical domains.

O principal objetivo do presente estudo é explicar a dinâmica política e social do processo de mudança na contabilidade gerencial em uma companhia de distribuição elétrica brasileira privatizada, articulando e estudando as interconexões entre os ambientes inter e intra-organizacionais (nível político e econômico; nível do campo organizacional e nível intra-organizacional). Este trabalho adota o estudo de caso interpretativo como método de pesquisa para analisar as mudanças na contabilidade gerencial que aconteceram na companhia estudada durante um período de 8 anos, isto é, entre 2000 (o ano de privatização) até 2007. Este artigo defende que, para compreender essas mudanças na contabilidade gerencial, é importante discutir e entender a dinâmica social e política do ambiente inter e intra-organizacional, já que as práticas e os critérios no nível do campo organizacional, em combinação com a lógica intra-organizacional, formaram o sistema de contabilidade gerencial da companhia. Para explicar as mudanças na organização sob análise, este trabalho fundamentou-se nos construtos propostos por Dillard, Rigsby et al. (2004) para articular e compreender os três níveis do sistema social e político. Esses construtos são baseados nos eixos de tensão de Weber e na teoria de estruturação de Giddens. A análise deste caso indica que aconteceram profundas mudanças nos sistemas gerenciais da companhia após o processo de privatização, particularmente no sistema orçamentário, no sistema de medida de desempenho e na forma de uso da informação contábil gerencial pelos administradores.

Paul Ricoeur and Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta were contemporaries whose separate works, when brought side by side, provide insights into how community development might proceed at the intersection of the domains of ethics, politics, and economics. In complementary ways they have addressed the reciprocal responsibilities of a society toward its citizens and vice-versa. In this study I make note of the parallels between Ricoeur's definition of the ethical aim and Arizmendiarrieta's educational aim as this may be gleaned from an anthology of his sayings as well as from statements of those who knew him very well. These similarities provide impetus toward a definition of cooperative ethics. Using the method of interpretation, this definition is amplified at the intersections of the domains of ethics, economics, and politics with the help of regrouped quotes on education from Arizmendiarrieta and following the pattern of Ethics and Politics, an essay of Ricoeur. Referring to the phenomenology of change, I then argue that just as politics is an extension of the ethical aim, socio-economics is the extension of the educational aim. The methodology involves a rearrangement of quotes and refer to the triple autonomy of texts that Ricoeur has established in his theory of texts. The reconfiguration is reminiscent of Ricoeur's mimesis I, II, and III, and lends to the amplification of the definition of cooperative ethics. I call attention to the directive function of education in Arizmendiarrieta's thoughts which complement Ricoeur's reflections on configuration. The example of the University of Mondragon and its cooperatives validates their insights. I cite the implications for community development that the Mondragon experience brings to the world. I suggest that a holistic approach to community development might be best coordinated by a university and that a university can generate a similar network of cooperatives by instituting a "Saiolan type" of enterprise incubator, by coordinating mutual support of member enterprises, and by supporting these efforts with appropriate curricular offering. By way of conclusion, I suggest that cooperators now have another point of departure in their reflections on the ethical commitment of cooperatives and cooperators.

Past research has found that people treat advice differently depending on its source. In many cases, people seem to prefer human advice to algorithms, but in others, there is a reversal, and people seem to prefer algorithmic advice. Across two studies, we examine the persuasiveness of, and judges' preferences for, advice from different sources when forecasting geopolitical events. We find that judges report domain‐specific preferences, preferring human advice in the domain of politics and algorithmic advice in the domain of economics. In Study 2, participants report a preference for hybrid advice, that combines human and algorithmic sources, to either one on it's own regardless of domain. More importantly, we find that these preferences did not affect persuasiveness of advice from these different sources, regardless of domain. Judges were primarily sensitive to quantitative features pertaining to the similarity between their initial beliefs and the advice they were offered, such as the distance between them and the relative advisor confidence, when deciding whether to revise their initial beliefs in light of advice, rather than the source that generated the advice.

The global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus has led to a series of actions at the political, economic, and social levels unprecedented so far. Due to the high risk of contagion, by both air and human touch, governments in many countries around the world have resorted to sets of measures, some even drastic, aimed at restricting and reducing, as far as possible, the physical closeness between people. These measures affected to different extents life in society as we knew it, not only economic and cultural life but also social interactions and activities, communication, and inter-relationships between people. In general, the measures were justified at the political level through the attempts to keep the number of illnesses and deaths to a minimum. This chapter analyses comparatively how the actions, some of them severe, to restrict social life were justified in speeches announcing these measures by the heads of state in three European countries: Germany, France, and Romania, in March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic spread through Europe. Through a thematic discourse analysis, it examines the extent to which axiological and ethical issues have been invoked in these discourses, what axiological and ethical dimensions have been emphasized, and how they have been used to justify measures that have entailed social restrictions, including those on certain rights and freedoms. Moreover, it analyses the similarities and differences in terms of ethical and value-centred dimensions and cultural norms present, as well as in terms of their justificatory utilization, between the discourses of the heads of state of the three countries regarded by the study.

The shortage of healthcare professionals alongside the rising number of lung cancer survivors poses a significant challenge to current healthcare facilities. Risk-stratified follow-up care, with tailored diagnostic imaging and follow-up intervals based on a patients' risk of recurrence, may improve clinical outcomes and help address this challenge. Our study is aimed at identifying patient-perceived barriers and facilitators for implementing this approach. A qualitative study was performed including 15 semi-structured interviews and three focus groups (n = 16) among lung cancer patients who completed treatment and currently receive follow-up care. Inductive and axial coding of the transcripts was performed to categorize codes into barriers and facilitators at six different levels using the Grol and Wensing framework. Most barriers were identified at the organizational, economic, and political levels when shortening follow-up intervals and altering the imaging modalities due to limited available personnel, restricted imaging logistics, and financial resources. At the patient level, the most important barrier is fear of recurrence when extending follow-up intervals. Facilitators at the organizational level involved providing a direct point of contact and supportive care during risk-stratified follow-up. Overall, patients are willing to adopt risk-stratified follow-up care when sufficient evidence for its effectiveness is provided. We found most of the barriers, facilitators, and preferences at the organizational, economic, political, and patient level. The identified barriers and facilitators in this study can serve as a base for a strategy to implement a risk-stratified follow-up care in lung cancer care if effectiveness can be proven.

The medium to long term outlook for global energy supply is extremely challenging, as Chapter 1 emphasised. In recognition of this, many countries are strongly promoting renewable energy, and much progress has been made. However, fossil fuels still meet the vast majority of global energy needs, and in consequence atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases continue to rise towards unsustainable levels. A dramatic increase in wind capacity has been seen worldwide (WWEA 2011), but a swift transition to renewables is beyond reach without major changes at the political and policymaking levels. Even within the EU — which has sought to position itself as a pioneer in climate and energy policy (Wurzel and Connelly 2011) — it has been acknowledged that ‘the existing strategy is currently unlikely to achieve all the 2020 targets, and it is wholly inadequate to the longer term challenges’ (European Commission 2010: 3). Therefore, the need and the urgency to further accelerate renewables deployment is clear. This requires diversification of renewable sources, as well as wide diffusion of existing and emergent renewable energy technologies (RETs). Yet it also requires clearer understanding of a range of challenges going beyond the technological dimensions, embracing the political, institutional, economic and social domains. Social science perspectives have therefore a crucial role to play in understanding and enabling the nascent energy transition.