Abstract
Dietary self-report instruments are essential to nutritional analysis in dietetics practice and their use in research settings has facilitated numerous important discoveries related to nutrition, health and chronic diseases. An important example is obesity, for which measuring changes in energy intake is critical for assessing efficacy of dietary interventions. However, current methods, including counting calories, estimating portion size and using food labels to estimate human energy intake have considerable constraints; consequently, research on new methodologies/technologies has been encouraged to mitigate the present weaknesses. The use of technologies has prompted innovation in dietary analysis. In this review, the strengths and limitations of new approaches have been analyzed based on ease of use, practical limitations, and statistical evaluation of reliability and validity. Their utility is discussed through the lens of the 4Ms of Obesity Assessment and Management, which has been used to evaluate root causes of obesity and help select treatment options.
Highlights
On a global scale, life expectancy has increased steadily for the past 35 years; in association with the global rise of obesity, the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes like diabetes mellitus rose by 32.1%, increasing the burden on health systems [1]
During the past two decades, different Intensive Lifestyle Intervention programs have consistently shown that modest but clinically significant weight loss of 5% in individuals with overweight, obesity or diabetes can yield a variety of health, disease prevention and treatment benefits [2]
Food records (FR), food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), and 24-h recalls (24HR) are the most common methods used to assess dietary and energy intake (EI) during treatment and follow-up [11]. These self-reported data methodologies have provided valuable information to use as a base to develop public health policy, comprehend and identify consumption of different food groups, understand relationship with diseases and determine eating patterns associated with weight loss, information that until recently could not be obtained in any other way [10]
Summary
Life expectancy has increased steadily for the past 35 years; in association with the global rise of obesity, the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes like diabetes mellitus rose by 32.1%, increasing the burden on health systems [1]. During the past two decades, different Intensive Lifestyle Intervention programs have consistently shown that modest but clinically significant weight loss of 5% in individuals with overweight, obesity or diabetes can yield a variety of health, disease prevention and treatment benefits [2]. Food records (FR), food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), and 24-h recalls (24HR) are the most common methods used to assess dietary and EI during treatment and follow-up [11] These self-reported data methodologies have provided valuable information to use as a base to develop public health policy, comprehend and identify consumption of different food groups, understand relationship with diseases and determine eating patterns associated with weight loss, information that until recently could not be obtained in any other way [10]
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