Направление совершенствования норм технологического проектирования морских портов

The verb “project” in Latin means “throw forward”. In practice, the goal of any project or design is to create an object that does not yet exist with a certain number of features. As far as the physical creation of an object is started only after finishing the design, during this process we deal with different models and information. The result of sea terminals design is the documentation which consists of not only the necessary for construction and exploitation information, but also almost all physical, operational and financial parameters of the object. At the same time, the elements of behavior research, i. e. exploration of the output parameters reaction to the change of input ones and the data that were calculated on the previous steps of the design process, are a necessary part of each next step. The variation of requirements to the precision, sustainability and specification of data on different steps of design requires to use different in complexity and precision models to analyze them. The capitalization of infrastructural objects of sea transport, the acceptance of liquidity and the scale of social-economic impact on the society define the special requirements to this branch of activity, which are applied in strict regulation and formulation of rules of all design processes. Particularly, the active rules define the methods of sea terminals design, but this definition has been unchanged for a long time. The great evolution of nature, structure and volumes of data brings a conflict with the documental requirements to the calculations. This research is dedicated to the formulation of general rules of mathematical modelling, used as an instrument of sea terminals design on different steps. In order to achieve this goal, the typical steps of design process, which allow matching the consequence of technological design with the utilization of statistical modelling and queueing theory methods, are included in the paper. A new conception of simulation modelling, which allows connecting gnoseological advantages of this approach with universality of traditional methods, is also included. The saving of universality and objective process of consequent adequacy provement of all described models allows us to make a question of utilization of this instrument in general rules and recommendations of sea terminals design.

In an ODeL context, the design step of the design process is regarded as a vital component that should be taught in the Technology curriculum. Teaching the design step in an ODeL setting places specific expectations on qualified e-tutors who can prepare students for the workplace. The central question of this research is "How does e-tutors' technical knowledge influence effective teaching and learning of the design step?" The study focused on postgraduate students enrolled in a semester module in 2020. An online survey was used to investigate the technological expertise of e-tutors in order to facilitate the design process step for advancing giftedness in students in an ODeL setting. The information gathered from five e-tutor sites was analyzed. The findings reveal that e-tutors in ODeL settings lack the ability to choose technologies that will help students understand the design step content. Suggestions: based on the present model, an alternate technique for e-tutor appointments is proposed.

My doctoral research explores how student mechanical engineers are taught, learn, and apply a design thinking to routinely create and innovate in the context of training for industry practice. I am interested in the maturation of master's students with backgrounds in mechanical engineering adjusting to a project-based learning experience centered on design thinking methodology and processes. I use a combination of theoretical approaches from design research, engineering education and the learning sciences. My methodology draws on field observations in the classroom of a capstone-plus core mechanical engineer course on design innovation at Stanford University [1] as well as interviews, document analysis and other qualitative methods. I am gathering empirical evidence of what design learning looks like and how it changes over time and how students conceptualize design and engineering.In order to characterize the transition that students make along the novice to expert design continuum, students' concept maps for their design processes and drawings of their notions of engineers and designers at work were collected. Students were asked to generate a concept map of their typical design process and to draw a designer at work and an engineer at work along the lines of the Draw-a-Scientist Test [2]. Initial findings from qualitative content analysis indicate that the concept maps of design mature over time along a consistent learning trajectory. Students also have distinct but complimentary mental models of the roles of a designer and engineer mainly along two emerging themes: idea generation/implementation and human/tech-centerness.A preliminary framework of Ways of Thinking [3] relating design thinking activities to engineering thinking activities and production and future thinking has been developed and is being used to analyze student project team design activity. Students in the design innovation course capture their work regularly on a wiki and in quarterly design documentation reports. By coding and analyzing the reports of each team, their design steps and order they take in their design processes can be noted. Preliminary analysis of project matched pairs shows that the more leaps around in their design steps and prototyping activities a team makes a more novel project deliverable outcome as well as bettering the students' learning experience.Additional observations of students have been done to capture the barriers and catalysts to them learning along the way. With field observations of regular team meetings, it's apparent students are hindered by a predisposition to plan and calculate repeatedly before taking action and making. The students' learnings are helped by a close proximity to other groups in a shared design space (situative zeitgeist), a series of front-loaded prototype milestone assignments (scaffolded prototyping), a practice of encouraging reflection on what is gained from prototyping (cognitive iteration) and repeatedly stepping through the steps of the design (cognitive apprenticeship).Data collection is complete and the analysis is ongoing.

The concept stage in the design for a new composite part is a time when several fundamental decisions must be taken and a considerable amount of the budget is spent. Specialized commercial software packages can be used to support the decision making process in particular aspects of the project (e.g. material selection, numerical analysis, cost prediction,...). However, a complete and integrated virtual environment that covers all the steps in the process is not yet available for the composite design and manufacturing industry. This paper does not target the creation of such an overarching virtual tool, but instead presents a strategy that handles the information generated in each step of the design process, independently of the commercial packages used. Having identified a suitable design parameter shared in common with all design steps, the proposed strategy is able to evaluate the effects of design variations throughout all the design steps in parallel. A case study illustrating the strategy on an industrial part is presented.

The widespread use of computers and the vast development of software have drastically changed the traditional approach of engineering design. Whereas in the past, most of the design work was geared to the proper selection of the system components, today the emphasis is not only focused on the selection of the size and shape of components, but increasingly on the intergration of the individual components into a workable, least-cost system, that generates the greatest gain. This change in approach has been strongly induced by the use of computers and softwares as design tools for automating and improving the quality of the design process. With the introduction of the computer it has become feasible to draft for a given project, at an acceptable cost of production, several alternative designs that fit the local situation, and to select from the feasible solutions the least-cost design. A second main advantage that can be achieved in the design process using computers and software as design tools is the standardization and uniformization of design steps. Although there is not a blueprint for the design process, it can be stated that most agricultural water management design projects involve a large number of similar design steps. By breaking up the design process into a logic hierarchic sequence of design steps, it becomes obvious that similar design modules can be used for the design of a subsurface drainage system as for a micro-jet spray irrigation system. This paper successively highlights the conceptualization of the design process, the similarity between the design steps for agricultural water management projects, a drainage or an irrigation system design, respectively, possibilities of automating the calculation process, and the description of a feasible approach for automating the design process including the drawing of design maps. Throughout the text, a number of examples will be used to illustrate more clearly the impact of the use of computers and software on the design process.

In order to expand the concept and form of teacher training, a remote human-computer interaction and STEM teacher online training platform based on the embedded Internet of Things is proposed. Based on the content analysis method, this article sorts out the development status of the current online teacher training platform and points out the shortcomings of the platform in information aggregation, resource construction, content setting, presentation, learning support services, and other aspects. Based on the combination of new concepts and new technologies, an online training platform for STEM teachers is proposed for the construction of the platform from four perspectives: innovative design concepts, enriching platform promotion ideas, developing educational makers, and improving support services, and the results of the use are investigated. The results show that the subjects believe that the STEM teacher online training system has clarified the STEM curriculum design steps, standardized STEM design methods, improved their cooperative learning ability, and cultivated design thinking. Among them, 13 people think that the training system has made STEM design steps clearer, “the design process is clearer,” “it makes me clearer about the whole design process,” and “the course design and development process is clearer.” Conclusion. This platform can provide a reference for online training and professional development of Chinese teachers.

Existing design methods used for developing Web-centric systems are mostly adapted from methods for designing traditional software systems. Web-centric systems however differ from traditional software systems, in terms of both organizational and technical characteristics. Effective design methods for Web-centric systems need to address these characteristics specific to Web-centric systems. This paper proposes a design method for Web-centric systems. The design process comprises three steps: prototyping, information modeling and system architecture design. The method is differentiated from existing design methods in that the design process commences from user interface prototyping. Information modeling activities are further enhanced in this method. To cope with the complexity of Web systems, each design step is partitioned into both structural modeling and behavioral modeling. The design method is illustrated by applying the method to the design of a commercial Web application

A comparison of freshman and senior engineering design processes

A well-designed optical system for a gun scope [1] needed an optomechanical enclosure to accommodate all the optical and electronic components for its required functionality and use. For this purpose, a design process was initiated considering all the optical and mechanical performance requirements of the intended product, to formulate a mechanical housing. A certain set of design steps was followed, conforming adherence to the required features and safe performance of the gun scope optics. Gun scopes equipped with uncooled thermal imaging sensors operating in the LWIR (Long-Wave Infrared) range of 8–12 μm are advanced optical devices essential for military and law enforcement applications. These forces operate in extreme environments, from freezing mountain ranges to scorching deserts, requiring equipment that performs reliably under all conditions [2]. Optomechanical design process is quite different and challenging as compared to other conventional mechanical design processes. It involves a serious consideration of the factors, whose negligence could result in total catastrophic failure or at least a major deviation from the intended results. Use of very fine geometric tolerances and careful consideration of mechanical properties of different materials used, could only guarantee a successful designed product. After completing a precised optical design and analysis process, its needed to formulate a suitable mechanical housing for lenses and electronics for the required functionality of the product. In this paper, all major optomechanical design steps and design considerations to be cared off, are discussed which are followed to make a successful product, complying all the requirements

How societal expectations, new digital tools, andthe COVID crisis are driving a step-change in human centric remediation.

This thesis develops a framework of methods and techniques for distributed systems development. This framework consists of two related domains in which design concepts for distributed systems are defined: the entity domain and the behaviour domain. In the entity domain we consider structures of functional entities and their interconnection, while in the behaviour domain we consider behaviour definition and structuring. An interaction in which we abstract from the particular responsibilities of the participating functional entities is considered as an action. Behaviours consist of actions, interactions and their relationships. Relationships between actions and interactions are defined in terms of causality relations. In each causality relation the conditions and constraints for an action or interaction to occur are defined. Two important behaviour structuring techniques have been identified from the possible ways causality relations can be distributed: causality-oriented behaviour composition and constraint-oriented behaviour composition. Causality-oriented behaviour composition consists of placing some conditions of an action and the action itself in different sub-behaviours. Constraint-oriented behaviour composition consists of placing parts of the conditions and constraints of an action in different sub-behaviours, such that this action is shared by these sub-behaviours. This thesis identifies milestones in the design process of distributed systems, as well as the design steps to move from one milestone to another. These design steps are characterized using the concepts of the entity and the behaviour domain. We identified two crucial design operations of the behaviour domain that support these design steps: behaviour refinement and action refinement. Behaviour refinement consists of introducing (internal) structure in the causality relations of reference actions of an abstract behaviour, but preserving their causality and exclusion relationships and their attribute values. Action refinement consists of replacing abstract actions by activities, such that the completion of these activities correspond to the occurrence of the abstract actions. One important characteristic of action refinement is the possibility of distributing attribute values of the abstract actions over actions of the activities that replace them in the concrete behaviours. The area of research, scope and objectives of this thesis are discussed in Chapter 1. The concept of design culture and its elements is introduced in this chapter in order to provide an overview of the important aspects of the design process. Entity domain, behaviour domain, and design milestones are introduced and discussed in Chapter 2. This chapter also discusses the global objectives of design steps, and the abstraction obtained by considering interactions between cooperating functional entities as actions of the interaction system between these entities. Action, action attributes, causality and exclusion are discussed in Chapter 3. This chapter shows how a behaviour can be defined in terms of the causality relations of its actions in a monolithic form. Causality-oriented behaviour composition is discussed in Chapter 4. Entries and exits of a behaviour are the mechanisms that make it possible to assign parts of a condition of an action and the action itself to different sub-behaviours. Constraint-oriented behaviour composition is discussed in Chapter 5. Decomposition possibilities of monolithic behaviours are systematically studied in this chapter. Behaviour refinement is discussed in Chapter 6. This chapter defines a method to obtain an abstraction of a concrete behaviour. This method can be used to check whether the concrete behaviour corresponds to a certain abstract behaviour. Action refinement is discussed in Chapter 7. This chapter identifies some activity forms, and define the rules for considering these activities as implementations of an abstract action. These rules are used in a method to derive an abstraction of a concrete behaviour in which the abstract actions are implemented as activities. This method can be used to check whether the concrete behaviour corresponds to a certain abstract behaviour. Chapter 8 discusses a design example that is meant to illustrate the use of our design concepts. The example is an interaction server, which is a component that supports the interaction between multiple functional entities. Chapter 9 draws some conclusions and revisits the design milestones of Chapter 2, showing alternatives for the design trajectory which have been created with the use of actions and interactions in a single framework.

The vehicle body-in-prime static stiffness can significantly affect vehicle NVH, ride and handling, and durability performance. Stiffness target setting is a crucial step in a vehicle design and development process. Traditionally, benchmarking data and CAE models are used to help identify and set the target, yet they have proven to be time consuming and very subjective. On the other hand, statistical models obtained through data mining or meta-modeling have been tested and applied to various problems, including design optimization. In the present paper, we attempt to utilize this technology for providing more objective vehicle static stiffness targets. Stiffness data characteristics of various vehicle classes are benchmarked. Different statistical modeling techniques are examined using the data to set stiffness targets. The validity and limitations of these techniques are also discussed.

Irrigation system design is divided into three major steps. These are: design--land area and storage requirements, design--irrigation requirements and scheduling and design--detailed system design. The product of the first design step is the total land area and storage volume required for the system. The intermediate steps in the determination of land area and storage requirements are: crop selection, distribution system selection, determination of irrigation water requirements, determination of field area requirements and determination of storage requirements. Crop selection is the first step in the design process, because most of the other design decisions depend on the crop. The irrigation system design parameters common to all distribution systems to be determined during Step 2 design are: depth of water applied per irrigation and irrigation frequency. In addition to the construction plans and documents, the design engineer should provide an operation plan for use by the system operator.

The increasing complexity of integrated circuits demands improved design quality. For system developments with small- or medium-scale integrated circuits, successive steps of the design process are interconnected loosely. Therefore, design checks, tests, and even redesigns could be performed without affecting large fractions of the overall design. With large scale integration (LSI) and especially very large scale integration (VLSI), the situation has changed drastically. The technological capability of these techniques allows designers to put a whole digital system on a few chips or even on one single chip. Consequently, all design steps between the definition of the system and its realization as a semiconductor structure must be strongly interconnected to yield successful and economic solutions. Reduced possibilities for testing and correcting design errors do not permit design concepts that follow the principle of trial and error. But up to now, the so-called logic design has been dominated by manually generated solutions. Because of the inherent possibilities of misinterpretation of the design task or of local design errors, analytical tools like simulation have to demonstrate the correctness of a design. But the restricted model accuracy, incomplete sets of test data, and excessive request for computing time are limiting factors of this design strategy in the context of VLSI. Therefore, other concepts for logic design are necessary that avoid analytical tools as much as possible but support the design process by synthesis. This paper discusses some methodical aspects of this problem, and it mentions some properties of logic design tools that are of practical importance.

In a recent keynote address on future of ergonomics, Wilson stated that ergonomists, instead of focussing on the traditional man, machine and environment component, should refocus on the interaction among these components. (Wilson, 1999). Nowhere is this truer than in the process of web design. Simply stated a web page is really a page, off the information highway, that has the information the User needs. The beauty of the Web is that, that information could be of any imaginable kind. In the last few years, the number of businesses establishing a presence on the World Wide Web (WWW, the web) has grown exponentially. It is just a matter of time before the web becomes a primary source of information for a large part of the world for all needs. Procedurally the steps in design include cognitive design, visual design, technical design, technical development and testing. Typically cross-functional teams are set up to perform the design process. Information ergonomics and interaction ergonomics are the main issues in the iterative design process. The importance of cognitive ergonomist who plays a pivotal role in the design process is discussed.