Abstract
Simple SummaryThe emergence of nanotechnology paves the way for innovating countless applications in the agricultural and livestock production sector. In the field of reproductive management of farm animals, nanotechnology offers unconventional and innovative solutions for the existing reproductive management challenges. The main concept of nanotechnology comes through their ability to modulate drug behavior and consequently their biological effects (e.g., male effect). In this review, the challenges of the current reproductive management in farm animals will be discussed in line with the possible solutions offered by applying nanotechnology.Reproductive efficiency of farm animals has central consequences on productivity and profitability of livestock farming systems. Optimal reproductive management is based on applying different strategies, including biological, hormonal, nutritional strategies, as well as reproductive disease control. These strategies should not only guarantee sufficient reproductive outcomes but should also comply with practical and ethical aspects. For example, the efficiency of the biological- and hormonal-based reproductive strategies is mainly related to several biological factors and physiological status of animals, and of nutritional strategies, additional factors, such as digestion and absorption, can contribute. In addition, the management of reproductive-related diseases is challenged by the concerns regarding the intensive use of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistant strains. The emergence of nanotechnology applications in livestock farming systems may present innovative and new solutions for overcoming reproductive management challenges. Many drugs (hormones and antibiotics), biological molecules, and nutrients can acquire novel physicochemical properties using nanotechnology; the main ones are improved bioavailability, higher cellular uptake, controlled sustained release, and lower toxicity compared with ordinary forms. In this review, we illustrate advances in the most common reproductive management strategies by applying nanotechnology, considering the current challenges of each strategy.
Highlights
IntroductionMost of the reproductive management practices are ready for their use in commercial livestock farms after selecting the strategy which meets goals of every farm [1,2]
The results of this study showed the ability of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-chitosan-TPP nanoparnano-hormone systems may aid in changing theof biological behavior of GnRH
Behavior is slowed andbiological sustained for a(Figure longer time, nano-hormone delivery systems may aid in changing the behavior aimed at GnRH-chitosan-TPP nanoparticles as a potential alternative to eCGoffor stimtechniques, those depending on the stimulation of follicular growth
Summary
Most of the reproductive management practices are ready for their use in commercial livestock farms after selecting the strategy which meets goals of every farm [1,2] Such strategies may include one or more bio stimulation tools (e.g., male effect), reproductive assisted techniques (mainly estrous synchronization and artificial insemination), nutritional management, and prevention/treatment of reproductive diseases [3,4,5]. These reproductive management strategies are widely and predominantly applied in different livestock production systems, their efficiency is challenged by several practical and ethical aspects. We aim to illustrate possible advances in the most common reproductive management strategies by applying nanotechnology
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