Abstract
Nanostructured carbon black (CB) was first employed directly in this paper for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of trace Pb(II) and Cd(II) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The morphology and surface properties of conductive CB were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Special pore structures, as well as surface chemical functional groups, endow CB with excellent catalytic and adsorption properties. Some parameters affecting electrical analysis performance were investigated systematically including deposition time and potential, pH value of solution, volume of suspension, amount of Bi(III) and Nafion solution. CB–Nafion–glassy carbon electrode sensor linear response ranges from 6 to 1000 nM for selective and simultaneous determination. The detection limits were calculated to be 8 nM (0.9 µg l−1) for Cd(II) and 5 nM (1.0 µg l−1) for Pb(II) (S/N = 3) for the electrocatalytic determination under optimized conditions. The method was successfully used to the determination of actual samples and good recovery was achieved from different spiked samples. Low detection limits and good stability of the modified electrode demonstrated a promising perspective for the detection of trace metal ions in practical application.
Highlights
Heavy metal ions coming from industrial processes will endanger human health and the environment if discharged into nature without treatment
Various of materials have been explored to be an ideal sensor for applications in detection of heavy metal ions, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles [7], microporous carbon [8], carbon nanotubes [9,10], metal nanoparticles [11,12,13] and metal–organic frameworks [14]
We report here a facile and cost-effective method for the fabrication of a Carbon black (CB)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for application as a high-performance electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of trace lead and cadmium based on differential pulse stripping voltammetry
Summary
Heavy metal ions coming from industrial processes will endanger human health and the environment if discharged into nature without treatment. It is highly desirable to develop a facile and cost-effective method for the detection of toxic metal ions in terms of a practical point of view as compared with expensive materials and other complex preparation processes. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) is one of the most effective and robust means of electrochemical determination of trace heavy metal ions because of the characteristics of high sensitivity, good selectivity and low detection limits, relatively low cost, ability to simultaneously determine multiple elements, suitability for on-site analysis and in situ detection, simplicity and portability [22,23,24]. We report here a facile and cost-effective method for the fabrication of a CB-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for application as a high-performance electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of trace lead and cadmium based on differential pulse stripping voltammetry. The simultaneous electrochemical determination of trace Pb and Cd was conducted with three electrodes in a 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5)
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