Nanosilver from Mangosteen Peel Extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) for Antibacterial Dental Preventive Agents

Background:Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are caries and periodontal disease-related bacteria. The mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and xanthones that have antibacterial properties.Aims:The aim of this study is to analyze mangosteen peel extracts’ ability to inhibit S. mutans and P. gingivalis has biofilms growth in vitro.Materials and Methods:Mangosteen peel extract effects on the S. mutans ATCC-3198 and P. gingivalis ATCC-3327 in biofilms growth were evaluated by a crystal violet biofilm assay. Each bacterium was inoculated into a brain–heart infusion broth for 24 h at 37°C anaerobic conditions. A volume of 200 μL (107 colony-forming unit/mL) of bacterial suspension were distributed in microplate wells and incubated for 24 h. Mangosteen peel extracts with different concentrations were added into biofilm wells. Biofilm without treatment was used as negative control. Biofilm mass was calculated by 0.5% crystal violet staining, and optical density was measured at 600 nm using microplate reader. All obtained data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test with P < 0.05 set as the level of significance.Results:The results showed that mangosteen peel extract could inhibit the growth of S. mutans and P. gingivalis in biofilms significantly compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). The most effective concentration and incubation time for inhibiting biofilm growth was 100% in 6 h for S. mutans and 100% in 24 h for P. gingivalis.Conclusion:Mangosteen peel extract is effective at inhibiting S. mutans and P. gingivalis biofilms, and this antibiofilm agent can be an alternative therapy in preventing caries and periodontal disease. Future studies are needed to explore this effect.

Background: Free radicals that enter the body due to consumption of reused cooking oil can cause liver cell damage. Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L) is known to contain mangostin as an ntioxidant. However, it is not known whether it can repair liver damage.Objective: To deter mine the ef fect of mangosteen peel extract on the levels of SGOT and SGPT of Wistar rats fed with reused cooking oil.the ef fect of mangosteen peel extract on the levels of SGOT and SGPT of Wistar rats fed with reused cooking oil.Methods: This study was a tr ue experimental study with post-test only controlled group design. Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups randomly. The CN-G group was given the standard diet, the MJ-G group was given a standard diet and cooking oil, the MJM- 400 group was given standard diet, reused cooking oil, and mangosteen peel extract at a dose of 400 mg/KgBW, and the MJM-800 group was fed with a standard, reused cooking oil, and mangosteen peel extract at 800mg/KgBW. The treatment was car ried out for 28 days, and then continued with examination of reused cooking oil, and mangosteen peel extract at 800mg/KgBW. The treatment was car ried out for 28 days, and then continued with examination of SGOT and SGPT levels using the Inter national Federation of Clinical Chemistr y (IFCC) method without Pyridoxal Phosphate 37ºC.Results: Kr uskal Walis test showed that SGOT and SGPT levels showed no signif icant dif ferences between groups (p = 0.197 and 0.063, respectively).Conclusion: administration of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) peel extract did not af fect SGOT levels, even tended to increase SGPT levels in ratsinduced by cooking oil.

Antimicrobial efficacy of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extracts in airborne microbial control within livestock farming environments.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a decrease in hemoglobin levels. The relationship between the 2 is inversely proportional. When blood sugar levels increase, it triggers glycation, enhancing xanthine oxidase activity and free radical formation. This phenomenon causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) to emerge and reduces oxygen in the blood, decreasing hemoglobin levels. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana) in preventing the formation of free radicals and reducing hemoglobin levels in the blood due to diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted using 195 experimental mice (Mus musculus). Diabetes mellitus was induced in the mice by injecting streptozotocin (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5) for 7 days. The dose of streptozotocin administered to create a pre-diabetes group was 10 mg/kg BW (PN and PO) and 30 mg/kg BW to create a diabetes group (DN and DO). The injection route used for streptozotocin was the intraperitoneal (IP) method. Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana) was administered orally at doses of 0.86, 1.86, 2.86, 3.86 and 4.86 mg/mL. The mangosteen peel extract treatment was carried out for 14 days. Measurements in the mice included tests for hemoglobin levels, types of free radicals, relative levels of free radicals, and histopathological observations using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The free radicals were superoxide anion (* ) and hydroxyl radical ( *). The results showed that mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana) effectively prevented the decrease in hemoglobin levels and broke the chain of free radical formation. Hemoglobin levels in the diabetes group increased by 61.5 %, while the pre-diabetes group increased by 24 %, approaching the hemoglobin level of the control group at 19 ± 1.2 g/dL. The most effective dose of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana) was 2.86 mg/mL. Mangosteen peel contains xanthone, which can counteract free radicals through single electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). HIGHLIGHTS Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana) effectively prevents a decrease in hemoglobin levels and interrupts the chain of free radical formation. Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana) contains xanthones that can break the chain reaction process of superoxide anions (* ) into hydroxyl radicals ( *). Xanthones react with free radicals through 2 mechanisms, namely single electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Dietary administration of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, peel extract enhances the growth, and physiological and immunoendocrinological regulation of prawn, Macrobrachiumrosenbergii.

Background and Aim:Antibiotic resistance poses a risk to human health and has therefore been the focus of research. One of the causes of this resistance is the use of antibiotics as feed additives for animal nutrition. The development of antibiotic resistance in poultry through nutrition feed has drawn attention to the need for alternative antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), as a natural source of bioactive phytochemicals, is a potential AGP, but the effect of mangosteen-based treatment on antibiotic resistance in poultry has not been reported to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mangosteen peel extract as an AGP on body weight gain, feed conversion rate (FCR), and the antibiotic resistance in broilers.Materials and Methods:In this study, 30 1-day-old broiler chicks were divided into three groups. Group A (control) was not administered any treatment in the feed, Group B was treated with 0.3 g/kg colistin as the AGP in the feed, and Group C was treated with 2% mangosteen peel extract as the AGP in the feed; the treatments were administered for 30 days. The observed parameters included the effect of the treatments on body weight gain, feed intake, FCR, and the presentation of antibiotic resistance before and after the treatments (pre-treatment and post-treatment, respectively).Results:Post-treatment, the body weight gain, and feed intake in the broilers were not significantly different among all the groups; however, the body weight gain and FCR were significantly different between the control group and the treatment groups in the 3rd week of treatment and were not significantly different between Groups B and C. The rate of antibiotic resistance to chloramphenicol increased significantly by 40% in Group B post-treatment, but no such increase was observed in Groups A and C.Conclusion:The findings of our study indicate that compared with using colistin as an AGP using mangosteen peel extract as a natural AGP did not have any significantly different effect on body weight gain, feed intake, and FCR (p>0.05) but had a significantly different effect on the rate of antibiotic resistance in broilers (p<0.05). This study indicates the usefulness of mangosteen for improving the overall growth and production performance of broilers without increasing their antibiotic resistance.

This research aims to develop a niosome gel from green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) by maceration with an ethanol solvent. The result of the yield percentage was 14.35 ± 0.90. The result of analyzing the phytochemicals by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was that tannin and xanthone were equal to 0.7483 ± 0.0825 mg per 100 mg of extract and 0.02964 ± 0.0088 mg per 100 mg of extract, respectively. The results of the determination of the effect include anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) as anti-inflammatory with nitric oxide from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to a maximum equal to 29.10 ± 4.78% as a concentration at 1 mg mL–1 as acetonide can inhibit nitric oxide equal to 33.12 ± 3.62% as a concentration at 1 mg mL–1. and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) by broth microdilution and drop plate methods, it was found that clindamycin has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.08 μg mL–1 and 0.31 μg mL–1, respectively. The development of niosomes consisting of cholesterol, tween 60, and mangosteen peel extract at 1% w w–1 and 2% w w–1 in every formula showed good stability. The reduction of particle size in the formula by an ultrasonic bath at 30 minutes and measurement of particle size with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were found to be equal to 1,265 and 123 – 219 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.1 – 0.2, and the zeta potential value was in the range of –26.15 to –28.61 mV. The result of hydration and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) was found to be that after 4 weeks of use, the formula containing the niosomes of mangosteen peel extract concentrated at 2% w w–1 maximizes skin moisture. It has a value of 346 ± 39.27 and has the least surface water loss. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS The green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) can inhibiting nitric oxide production from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to 29.10 ± 4.78% at a concentration of 1 mg ml-1, the lowest inhibitory (MIC) and kill (MBC) concentration of C. acnes bacteria less than 0.24 mg ml-1. The particle size of niosomes encapsulate extracts before reducing particle size equal to 1,265 nm. and after reducing particle size in the range of 123 - 219 nm. The skin hydration value after using product for 4 weeks as niosome gel encapsulate extract 2%w w-1 of extract was maximum moisture and minimal water loss.

High Effectiveness Self-cleaning Activity on TiO2/rGO Nanocomposite Synthesized by Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract

Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) peel extract has widely used in the pharmaceutical field due to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immunity boost properties. It had been proofed to be able to prevent and reduce the amount of plaque and cure gingivitis. This study was aimed to compare mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5 and 25% on the mouse gingival inflam­mation healing process. Methods: This study was a true experimental laboratory study. The subjects consisted of 28 mice divided into four groups, which were negative control (Aquadest) group; positive control (0.2% of Chlorhexidine) group; 12.5% Group of mangosteen peel extract group; and 25% respec­tively. Examination of the inflammatory healing process was observed every 2 hours during 6 hours, and the inflammatory measurements of mouse gingival performed by using calipers. Data obtained was an­alyzed with the one-way ANOVA test (α=0.05) and the Tukey’s range test. Results: The results from the one-way ANOVA test and the Tukey’s range test found that there was a significant difference on the in­flammation size between the group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and the group with aquadest and 0.2% of chlorhexidine. Meanwhile, the mice group with 12.5% of mangosteen peel extract and group with 25% of mangosteen peel extract did not show a significant difference in inflammatory size decrease. Conclusion: The mangosteen peel extract at the concentration of 12.5% was showing the highest anti-in­flammatory potentials since the first measurement on the second hour after treatment.

Background: Orthodontic treatment is relatively long and various efforts have been made to speed up orthodontic tooth movement. In orthodontic tooth movement, a periodontal tissue remodeling process occurs which involves osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells which are very sensitive to oxidative damage due to excessive ROS production. Natural antioxidants are a group of compounds that can neutralize or prevent free radicals. Mangosteen peel is a waste that contains nutritious chemical compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, xanthones, mangostin and garcinone. Flavonoids play an important role in eliminating oxidative stress by preventing ROS, protecting lipophilic antioxidants, and increasing enzymatic antioxidants. This research aimed to analyze the expression of BMP2, ALP, and FGF2, in the periodontal tissue remodeling process during orthodontic tooth movement after administration of mangosteen peel extract. Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study was conducted using 36 male Wistar rats. 36 wistar rats divided into 6 groups: control groups (C1, C2 and C3) : rats were given orthodontic mechanical force (OMF) for 1 weeks, 2 weeks and 3 weeks and treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3): rats were given OMF and mangosteen peel extract for 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks. OMF in rats was carried out by means of the right maxillary first molars and on both maxillary incisors were given ligature wires. Then a 10-gr/cm force was applied to the maxillary left first molar tooth of all the rats, using a nickel‒titanium closed-coil spring 6 mm long.ligated between the maxillary incisors and the left first molar tooth. Observations were made on the day 8, day 15 and day 22 with immunohistochemical examinations to count the expression of BMP2, ALP and FGF2. Results: The expression of BMP 2, ALP and FGF 2 on day 8, day 15 and day 22 in the treatment group was greater than the control group (˂ 0.05). The highest amount of BMP2, ALP and FGF2 expression was in the 15th day group, while the lowest was in the 8th day group. An increase the expression of BMP2, ALP, and FGF2 occurred on day 15 and a decrease on day 22 (˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Mangosteen peel extract was able to increase the expression of BMP2, ALP and FGF2 in osteoblasts, so it can be developed as an alternative material to accelerate the process of remodeling tooth periodontal tissue and speed up orthodontic treatment

The mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains anthocyanin pigments, which has an important role in coloring. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) with two methods, which is an examination with UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometry. Then the extract was characterized, identified, and analyzed for its stability against temperature, pH, and applied as a coloring agent in the formulation of pharmaceutical preparations (tablets). The results showed that the yield of mangosteen peel extract obtained 13.0975 %, drying losses 5.2822 %, total ash content 14.488 %, acid insoluble ash content 0.684 %, water-soluble extract content 29.58 %, extract content dissolved in ethanol 37.78 %, total anthocyanin content with λmax = 367 nm which is = 9.58 mg / 100 g and with λmax = 289 nm which is = 52.43 mg / 100 g. In this study, the anthocyanin pigment content in mangosteen peel extract cannot be used as an alternative to natural dyes for pharmaceutical preparations (tablets).

Simple SummaryNatural infections caused by Aeromonas veronii in intensive farming can lead to economic losses in tilapia farming. Overusing antibiotics and chemical antimicrobial agents in fish farming leads to antibiotic resistance, pollution, and consumer reluctance. The utilization of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract loaded in nanoemulsion (MSNE)-supplemented diets in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) could improve growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance. Nevertheless, the effect of incorporating MSNE into Nile tilapia diets has not yet been studied. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of MSNE-supplemented diets on growth performance, immune response, and resistance to A. veronii infection in Nile tilapia. The particle size, polydispersity index, and particle surface charge of MSNE were 151.9 ± 1.4 nm, >0.3, and −30 mV, respectively. Furthermore, MSNE improved the in vitro inhibition against A. veronii, and MSNE-supplemented diets had a beneficial effect on growth performance, enhanced immune response, and disease resistance against A. veronii infection. In conclusion, mangosteen peel extract loaded in nanoemulsion has the potential to be used as a supplement in Nile tilapia culture.Nanotechnology can enhance nutrient delivery and bioavailability; hence, it has recently been considered the most practical alternative technology for nutritional supplements and disease control in fish farming. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of mangosteen peel extract loaded in nanoemulsion (MSNE) on the inhibition of A. veronii (in vitro) and in vivo growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, the immune response, and the disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against A. veronii challenge. The particle size, polydispersity index, and particle surface charge of MSNE were 151.9 ± 1.4 nm, >0.3, and −30 mV, respectively. Furthermore, MSNE, mangosteen peel extract (MPE), and nanoemulsion (NE) improved the antimicrobial activity against A. veronii. Fish fed MSNE, MPE, and NE-supplemented diets had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed the control diet. Furthermore, the MSNE had significantly higher serum glucose and protein levels than the control group in Nile tilapia. Total immunoglobulin, serum lysozyme, alternative complement activity, and survival of Nile tilapia fed with MSNE were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control diet. Therefore, MSNE has the potential to be employed as a supplement in sustainable Nile tilapia farming.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) has become the main agricultural products contributing to the largest annual foreign exchange from the fruit category. Mangosteen rind contains xanthone compounds as a source of antioxidants, with α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, as the main components which are used as traditional and modern ingredients to treat various diseases. However, mangosteen rind extract has low bioavailability thus resulting in low effectiveness in the application. This study aimed to find the ideal formulation for producing the extract and nanoemulsion of mangosteen peel. The research carried out in two stages: extraction of mangosteen peel and production of nanoemulsion. Ethanol 70% was the best for mangosteen rind extraction, with a percentage yield of 40.96±0.51%, antioxidant activity of 5708.33±159.57 µg AEAC/mL sample, and total xanthones of 373.84±6.49 µg/mL sample. The use of Tween 20 at nanoemulsion production gave the best test results, with particle size of 10.58±1.25 nm, polydispersity index 0.27±0.03, zeta potential -2.34±0.46 mV, and total xanthones 35,28±0,04 µg/mL sample.

&lt;p&gt;The industry in Indonesia is currently experiencing significant development dominated by workers in the informal sector. During the business/production processes, problems are often encountered, leading to injuries or wounds. Burn wound are caused by heat sources such as fire, electricity, hazardous chemicals, and radiation. One natural substance with the potential to be used as an alternative treatment for burn wound is mangosteen peel. Mangosteen peel contains active biochemical compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, xanthones, and alkaloid derivatives, which have anti-inflammatory effects that can aid in the wound healing process by promoting collagen formation. Additionally, the presence of saponins in mangosteen peel makes it antibacterial. This research aims to explore the potential of mangosteen peel patches in the healing of burn injuries often experienced by informal industrial workers. The research method used secondary data through a literature review study. Article searches were conducted using keywords such as 'wound' and 'mangosteen peel.' Through the analysis of 10 articles, it was found that mangosteen peel has great potential to be utilized as a mangosteen peel patch, with a wound healing percentage of up to 83% over 21 days at an optimum concentration of 15%. The availability of patches made from mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) is expected to assist informal workers or UMKM in addressing burn wound they may encounter during work while also helping to utilize waste that would otherwise go unused.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Biochemical compounds, Burn wound, Informal Sector, Mangosteen Peel, Plaster&lt;/p&gt;

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) has been used for the extraction of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) in producing xanton. Mangosteen peel extraction with UAE has been carried out to determine the effect of frequency, temperature, and time of sonication on the xanton content. The parameters controlled are frequency (20 - 40 kHz), temperature (25 - 35oC), and sonication time (20 - 40 minutes). The solvent used in the extraction was methanol with a ratio of mangosteen peel: solvent = 1: 10 and analysis of xanton content in the extraction. Extraction results showed that the content of xanthones from the extraction results of mangosteen (Gracinia mangostana L.) peel with UAE had optimum values at a frequency of 40 kHz, temperature of 35oC, and sonication time of 30 minutes. At the same frequency, temperature, and time, conventionally showed xanthones content of mangosteen rind extract of 93 ppm. The results show that the extraction yield using UAE is greater than that of conventional methods. From the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the use of the UAE in the xanthones extraction process of mangosteen peel (Gracinia mangostana L.) is more optimal when compared to conventional methods.