Abstract
Abstract Cancer has gained much attention because of slow development of advanced diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. So far, conventional procedures like surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are only available options for cancer treatment which have various limitations. To overcome the limitations of conventional procedures, nanodiagnostics, and therapeutics are emerging approaches for localized diagnosis and treatment of cancer nowadays. So far, various bio-mimicking and stimuli active cancer theranostic platforms have been established but they are limited only for animal studies and their clinical translational progress is slow. Among various cancer theranostics platforms, photoresponsive systems have shown promising outcomes for cancer theranostics applications due to their specific physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, multifunctionality etc. Moreover, these photothermal agents in combination with diagnostics probes and surface functional targeting moieties demonstrate their synergistic response for site selective imaging and ablating cancer cells/tumor. Photoactive principles are rife and with increasing access to light irradiation setups, more the discovery of photoactive products, more would be the success reaped in cancer battle. This review highlights recent developments in cancer nanotheranostics with a special focus on photoactive functional nanotheranostics. Moreover, the challenges involved in clinical translation of photoactive materials along with their application in vivid areas of cancer nanomedicine and elucidate the future implications on photoactive therapy have been addressed here.
Highlights
Cancer stills remains as one of the leading causes of death worldwide and accounts for about 10 million deaths per year [1, 2]
While the study conducted by Phan et al, revealed that the prepared Iron–Platinum NPs (Fe–Pt NPs) with polypyrrole coating with evidence of high biocompatibility, near infrared (NIR) absorbance, and photothermal stability can excellently serve as multifunctional system for photo diagnostic application like photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photo acoustic imaging (PAI) [141]
Various examples of cancer theranostics with their major challenges have been addressed in this review article
Summary
Cancer stills remains as one of the leading causes of death worldwide and accounts for about 10 million deaths per year [1, 2]. PTT mediated nanomaterials are used in combination with other strategies like chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy to achieve synergistic effect for better tumor regression [16, 17, 20] These hybrid systems can be designed as stimuli responsive nanocarriers and functionalized with ligands for on-demand release of chemotherapeutic drug and site-specific localization of the nanomedicine, respectively [21, 22]. The principle of heat generation from photoactive materials upon irradiation with NIR light and mechanism of cancer cell death from generated heat has been deciphered The role of these nanohybrids as an efficient multimode-imaging agent for visualization of tumor area has been reflected. We have summarized the challenges in clinical translation and future perspectives of these photoactive nanotheranostic agents in the field of cancer
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