Nanocarriers in skincare: a review of current trends and future perspectives

Topical treatment of skin diseases is an attractive strategy as it receives high acceptance from patients, resulting in higher compliance and therapeutic outcomes. Recently, the use of variable nanocarriers for dermal application has been widely explored, as they offer several advantages compared with conventional topical preparations, including higher skin penetration, controlled and targeted drug delivery and the achievement of higher therapeutic effects. This article will focus on skin inflammation or dermatitis as it is one of the most common skin problems, describing the different types and causes of dermatitis, as well as the typical treatment regimens. The potential use of nanocarriers for targeting skin inflammation and the achievement of higher therapeutic effects using nanotechnology will be explored.

Fungal disease is an invasive, serious, and systemic topical infection that affects the mucous membranes, tissues, and skin of humans. Oral medicines, on the other hand, have significant side effects, making topical treatments a viable alternative. Many antifungal medications applied through the skin in various conventional forms (gels or creams) may cause skin redness, erythema, stinging, and burning sensations. A promising approach to overcome the limitation of conventional form is the use of Nanocarriers for the treatment of skin infections since it allows targeted drug delivery, enhanced skin permeability, and controlled release and hence offers a lower risk of side effects. During the last few decades, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have gained a lot of attention. SLNs were designed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles, by offering benefits such as a good release rate and drug targeting with high physical stability. NLCs are SLNs that have been modified (Second generation SLN) to improve stability and capacity loading. This review discusses the pathophysiology of the fungal diseases, the application of SLN and NLC, its method of preparation, Characterization, and an overview of clinical trials on SLN and NLC for the treatment of fungal infection.

A major obstacle to fulfilling the therapeutic promise of gene therapies for hereditary brain diseases, such as Huntington' Disease (HD), is the requirement for viral vectors and/or an invasive delivery system (stereotaxic injection into brain or infusion into the intrathecal space). HD is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease for which several clinical trials have demonstrated gene-lowering effects following intrathecal administration. These technical limitations have given impetus to the development of alternative non-invasive delivery systems for gene therapy of brain diseases. The overall objective of this review is to discuss the key features in the design of nanocarriers for intranasal administration of gene-therapy for HD, focusing primarily on our series of published work on the use of nanocarriers for gene therapy. Design and development of nanocarriers packaged with gene-lowering agents represents a significant advance towards non-invasive nose-to-brain delivery of gene therapy for HD and other hereditary brain disorders.

Chapter 19 - Natural-based consumer health nanoproducts: medicines, cosmetics, and food supplements

Background: Exogenous acne refers to acneiform lesions due to external factors such as cosmetic agents, exposure to various oils, skin rubbing or friction or chloracne, now better called metabolizing acquired dioxin-induced skin hamartoma (MADISH). Here we report a new form of severe inflammatory exogenous acne due to the association of two factors: facial friction with cosmetic agents. Observations: A 15-, 17- and 19-year-old female presented at the department with severe inflammatory acne. In all cases, the face had been strongly rubbed in a compulsory manner in the previous weeks with cosmetic agents. The disease has not responded to various conventional acne treatments and was well controlled by a combination of oral corticosteroids and low-dose isotretinoin. Conclusion: Because cosmetic face friction as a cosmetic care becomes more and more fashionable, dermatologists should be aware of this severe clinical condition, which can occur in patients without a personal history of acne.

A major limitation in the current topical treatment strategies for inflammatory skin disorders is the inability to selectively target the inflamed site with minimal exposure of healthy skin. Atopic dermatitis is one of the most prevalent types of dermatitis. The use of polymeric nanoparticles for targeting inflamed skin has been recently proposed, and therefore the aim of this proof-of-concept clinical study was to investigate the skin penetration and deposition of polymeric biodegradable nanoparticles in the atopic dermatitis lesions and compare the data obtained to the deposition of the particles into the healthy skin or lesion-free skin of the atopic dermatitis patients. For that, fluorescent PLGA nanoparticles in sizes of approximately 100 nm were prepared and applied to the skin of healthy volunteers and the lesional and non-lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients. Skin biopsies were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy to track the skin deposition and depth of penetration of the particles. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the alteration in tight-junction protein distribution in the different types of skin. Results have shown that nanoparticles were found to have higher deposition into the atopic dermatitis lesions with minimal accumulation in healthy or non-lesional skin. This has been primarily correlated with the impaired barrier properties of atopic dermatitis lesions with the reduced production of Claudin-1. It was concluded that polymeric nanoparticles offer a potential tool for selective drug delivery to inflamed skin with minimal exposure risk to healthy skin.

Delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is becoming advanced day by day. However, the challenge of the effective delivery system still does exist. In various types of cancers, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Breast cancer is a combination of different diseases. It cannot be considered as only one entity because there are many specific patient factors, which are involved in the development of this disease. Nanotechnology has opened a new area in the effective treatment of breast cancer due to the several benefits offered by this technology. Polymeric nanocarriers are among one of the effective delivery systems, which has given promising results in the treatment of breast cancers. Nanocarriers does exert their anticancer effect either through active or passive targeting mode. The use of nanocarriers has been resolute about the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as poor solubility and less penetrability in tumor cells. The present review is focused on recent developments regarding polymeric nanocarriers, such as polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, nanoshells, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and quantum dots, etc. for their recent advancements in breast cancer therapy.

RA is characterized by chronic inflammation, joint damage, and systemic complications. Despite available treatments, many patients experience inadequate responses or adverse effects. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to address these challenges. Nanoparticulate technologies offer promising opportunities to enhance drug delivery and targeting in RA treatment. The main objective is to explore recent advancements in nanoparticulate technologies for RA treatment, focusing on their potential to improve drug delivery and efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This review examines recent studies on nanoparticulate technologies for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), focusing on the use of nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. Studies investigating the effectiveness of nanocarriers in delivering drugs specifically for RA treatment were included in the analysis. Nanoparticulate technologies have shown promise in improving the delivery and efficacy of RA treatments. Various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and micelles, have been developed to enhance drug delivery to inflamed joints. These nanocarriers loaded with curcumin, Aceclofenac, Boswellic acid, methotrexate, resveratrol, etc. can improve drug stability, prolong circulation time, and enhance targetability to inflamed tissues. By overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies, these technologies have the potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Future research should focus on optimizing nanocarrier design, evaluating long-term safety, and conducting clinical trials to validate their efficacy in RA management.

Dermatology has witnessed remarkable advancements in therapeutic approaches, revolutionizing the field and transforming the landscape of skin health. From innovative treatment modalities to novel drug discoveries, the realm of dermatological therapies has expanded exponentially, offering new hope and improved outcomes for patients. These advancements have not only revolutionized the way we address various skin conditions but have also opened doors to personalized and targeted treatments. Exploring and embracing these advancements is crucial for dermatologists to provide the highest level of care and enhance the quality of life for their patients. The advent of biologics and targeted therapies has been a game-changer in dermatology. Conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and various autoimmune disorders now have targeted treatment options that specifically address the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Biologics, including monoclonal antibodies and immune modulators, have shown exceptional efficacy in managing these conditions, providing long-lasting relief and reducing disease burden for patients. Additionally, advancements in molecular research and genetic profiling have paved the way for personalized medicine in dermatology, allowing for tailored treatment plans based on an individual's unique genetic makeup and characteristics.
 Furthermore, technological innovations have brought forth significant advancements in dermatological therapies. Laser and light-based treatments have revolutionized the management of various skin conditions, including acne scars, vascular lesions, and unwanted pigmentation. These non-invasive procedures offer precise targeting and minimal downtime, delivering remarkable results with reduced risks. Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence and digital health technologies has enhanced diagnostic accuracy and improved treatment outcomes. From teledermatology to image analysis algorithms, these technologies streamline patient care, facilitate remote consultations, and enable efficient data-driven decision-making.
 Collaborative efforts between dermatologists and pharmaceutical companies have also led to the development of novel therapeutic agents. New drug discoveries, formulations, and delivery systems have expanded treatment options for conditions such as skin cancer, fungal infections, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Researchers continue to explore innovative pathways, including immunotherapies and microbiome-targeted therapies, opening doors to further advancements in the field. Advancements in dermatological therapies have ushered in a new era of precision and effectiveness in the management of various skin conditions. From targeted biologics to technological innovations, these breakthroughs have transformed the way dermatologists approach patient care. Embracing these advancements and staying abreast of the latest developments is essential for dermatologists to provide the best possible care and improve patient outcomes. As the field continues to evolve, ongoing research, collaboration, and technological integration will shape the future of dermatological therapies, empowering both clinicians and patients in their pursuit of optimal skin health

The use of nanocarriers for hydrophobic photosensitizers, in the context of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to improve pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution, is well-established. However, the mechanisms at play in the internalization of nanocarriers are not well-elucidated, despite its importance in nanocarrier design. In this study, we focus on the mechanisms involved in copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) PEO-PCL and poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly styrene PEO-PS micelles - membrane interactions through complementary physico-chemical studies on biomimetic membranes, and biological experiments on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer measurements on fluorescently-labelled lipid vesicles, and flow cytometry on two cancerous cell lines enabled the evaluation in the uptake of a photosensitizer, Pheophorbide a (Pheo), and copolymer chains towards model membranes, and cells, respectively. The effects of calibrated light illumination for PDT treatment on lipid vesicle membranes, i.e., leakage and formation of oxidized lipids, and cell viability, were assessed. No significant differences were observed between the ability of PEO-PCL and PEO-PS micelles in delivering Pheo to model membranes, but Pheo was found in higher concentrations in cells in the case of PEO-PCL. These higher Pheo concentrations did not correspond to better performances in PDT treatment. We demonstrated that there are subtle differences in PEO-PCL and PEO-PS micelles for the delivery of Pheo.

The qualified and paradigm jump in the formulation and production of cosmeceuticals refer in some way to the great revolution in nanotechnology. Nowadays, the industry of nano-formulated cosmeceuticals plays a significant and essential role in the evolution and growth of the pharmaceutical industries. This review manuscript focuses on the use of nanocarriers in delivering the cosmetic agents into the target area such as skin, hair, and nails. Many steps were performed in the preparation of this review including identification of different classes of nanocarriers for delivery of nanocosmeceuticals, literature survey of relevantstudies regarding the applications of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals and their toxicological effects. When nanoparticles introduced in the cosmetic industry, the quality and the elegance of the final products were raised significantly. Sadly, this revolution is accompanied by many health hazards as these tiny molecules can penetrate intact skin barriers and cause undesired effects. Cosmeceuticals with nanotechnology include sunscreens, hair cleansing products, nail products, and agents fighting fine lines. The expansion and growth of the cosmetic industry and the introduction of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals industry necessitates the urgent need for scientific research investigating their efficacy, safety profile and use.

Chapter 16 - Natural polymer-based nanocarriers for advanced cosmeceutical application

Neglected diseases are prevalent in less developed countries and are associated with high levels of mortality and/or morbidity. The drugs used in clinical practice are toxic, reducing patient compliance, and generally do not result in a cure, and there has also been a surge in drug resistance. Additionally, a major challenge in drug treatment lies in reaching the intracellular sites infected by parasites. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for drugs intended to treat neglected diseases is a promising avenue because the use of nanocarriers presents the ability to target drugs to the infected cells, and the prolonged drug release profile possible with these systems permits longer contact between the drug and the parasite. This review describes the roles of colloidal drug carriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles, in research on optimizing the delivery of antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, antichagasic and antimalarial agents.

World Health Organization has reported an estimated 1.5 million deaths directly due to diabetes in 2019. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in its National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020, says that 1 in 10 United States residents has diabetes. This rapid progression of diabetes is noteworthy despite significant advances in the field of antidiabetic medicine. The critical challenges in treatment are dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia. The latest research has also linked diabetes to carcinogenesis. The diabetic condition accelerates cell growth, proliferation, migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inhibition of apoptosis in cancer cells. In addition, diabetic complications of nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, peripheral arterial disease, coronary artery disease, and stroke increase morbidity. Amidst all these challenges, a ray of hope is the advent of nanocarriers. The nano size helps in the targeted and controlled delivery of drugs. In addition, nanocarrier formulation helps in the delivery of acid-labile and enzyme- labile molecules and plant-based macromolecules via the oral route. Its use in the form of dendrimers, ethosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, and polymeric nanoparticles is established. In addition, different polymers used to formulate nanocarriers are also established for targeting diabetes. Thus, this review aims to compile approaches involving the use of nanocarriers for the betterment of pharmacotherapy of diabetes and to provide a way ahead for researchers in the field.

Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the most challenging fields of research and development for pharmaceutical and biotechnology products. A number of hydrophilic therapeutic agents, such as antibiotics, anticancer agents, or newly developed neuropeptides do not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration. The BBB is formed by the tight junctions at the brain capillary endothelial cells, which strictly control drug transfer from blood to brain. Drug modification, osmotic opening of cerebral capillary endothelium, and alternative routes for administration (e.g., intracerebral delivery) have been successfully used to enhance drug transport to the CNS. The use of nanocarriers, such as liposomes and solid polymeric or lipid nanoparticles may be advantageous over the current strategies. These nanocarriers can not only mask the BBB limiting characteristics of the therapeutic drug molecule, but may also protect the drug from chemical/enzymatic degradation, and additionally provide the opportunity for sustained release characteristics. Reduction of toxicity to peripheral organs can also be achieved with these nanocarriers. This review article discusses the various barriers for drug delivery to the CNS and reviews the current state of nanocarriers for enhancing drug transport into the CNS.