Abstract
Converting useless feedstock into biodiesel by utilizing the process of transesterification has been regarded as an alternative approach recently used to address the fuel and energy resources shortage issues. Nanobiocatalysts (NBCs), containing the biological component of lipase enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials (NMs), have also been presented as an advanced catalyst to effectively carry out the process of transesterification with appreciable yields. This study highlights the fundamentals associated with NBCs and the transesterification reaction catalyzed by NBCs for summarizing present academic literature reported in this research domain in recent years. Classification of the NBCs with respect to the nature of NMs and immobilization methods of lipase enzyme is also provided for organizing the recently documented case studies. This review is designed to act as a guideline for the researchers aiming to explore this domain of biodiesel production via NBCs as well as for the scholars looking to expand on this field.
Highlights
The lipase from the Aspergillus terreus AH-F2 was covalently immobilized over the synthesized NPs and the prepared NBCs were used for catalyzing the transesterification of the waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel
This review highlights the fundamentals associated with the NBCs recently documented to be utilized for the synthesis of biodiesel by carrying a transesterification reaction
In terms of raw materials, it was observed that the third-generation feedstock has emerged as the most promising alternative of the edible feedstock
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The prices of these prod-ucts are becoming unaffordable for a common man The burning of these fossil fuels is responsible for introducing high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which directly affects the environment in terms of global warming and is causing sudden climate changes. Owing to the aforementioned issues, it is necessary to find alternative energy sources which provide similar results in terms of fuel efficacy but must be eco-friendly and cost-effective. In this regard, the domain of biofuel has gained much attention from scientific communities during the last few decades as an alternative to these conventional fuels. This review article will act as a guideline to thoroughly understand the NBCs used as the catalysts for the production of this cutting-edge energy source of biofuel
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