Nano-Based Drug Delivery System for Psoriasis Management: A Comprehensive Review

Late cornified envelope proteins are predominantly expressed in the skin and other cornified epithelia. On the basis of sequence similarity, this 18-member homologous gene family has been subdivided into six groups. The LCE3 proteins have been the focus of dermatological research because the combined deletion of LCE3B and LCE3C genes (LCE3B/C-del) is a risk factor for psoriasis. We previously reported that LCE3B/C-del increases the expression of the LCE3A gene and that LCE3 proteins exert antibacterial activity. In this study, we analyzed the antimicrobial properties of other family members and the role of LCE3B/C-del in the modulation of microbiota composition of the skin and oral cavity. Differences in killing efficiency and specificity between the late cornified envelope proteins and their target microbes were found, and the amino acid content rather than the order of the well-conserved central domain of the LCE3A protein was found responsible for its antibacterial activity. Invivo, LCE3B/C-del correlated with a higher beta-diversity in the skin and oral microbiota. From these results, we conclude that all late cornified envelope proteins possess antimicrobial activity. Tissue-specific and genotype-dependent antimicrobial protein profiles impact skin and oral microbiota composition, which could direct toward LCE3B/C-del‒associated dysbiosis and a possible role for microbiota in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.

<p indent="0mm">In the ever-evolving biomedical field, the nano-based drug delivery system has emerged as a revolutionary and transformative force. It has shattered the traditional boundaries of drug delivery, thereby unfurling novel and exciting vistas for the development of highly innovative drug delivery modalities. In recent years, brain-targeting nano drug delivery systems have garnered increasing attention from researchers, clinicians, and the scientific community at large. This newfound focus is primarily attributable to the truly remarkable strides made in both the quantity and quality of related research efforts. Characterized by high brain penetration efficiency, elevated bioavailability, and controlled release properties, these systems hold significant promise for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Nevertheless, it is an inescapable reality that the vast majority is still in the preclinical research phase. The entry of nanocarriers to the brain is limited to such critical challenges as the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB), nonspecific distribution, and potential nanotoxicity. Addressing these challenges—particularly improving the efficacy and safety of BBB penetration, enhancing targeting specificity, and optimizing brain clearance mechanisms—remains essential for the clinical translation of these technologies. This review discusses the methods for brain-targeted nano drug delivery systems to overcome BBB, including using brain-targeted ligands to modify nanoparticles to interact with BBB for crossing or repairing BBB, using external physical stimuli to open BBB, and avoiding BBB by entering the brain through peripheral pathways. To further enhance the precision and efficacy of treatment, continuous exploration and breakthroughs are being made in research targeting specific lesions and particular cell subpopulations within the brain. By delving into the distribution, differential characteristics of different brain cell types and their roles in promoting specific brain functions and neuropathological processes, nano-based drug delivery systems can be meticulously designed to achieve precise targeted delivery, thus driving the development of multimodal therapy and personalized medicine. The biocompatibility and safety of nano drug delivery systems are crucial criteria for clinical translation. Therefore, this review also explores the intracerebral fate and clearance mechanisms of nano-based drug delivery systems, aiming to optimize future nano-based drug delivery systems in terms of entering into the brain safely and efficiently, with controllable and precise targeting, and can be metabolized and cleared. Ultimately, we perform a systematic analysis of the research status of these representative nano-based drug delivery systems, especially those that have entered the clinical trial stage or are expected to enter clinical applications. We highly value the mechanisms of entering the brain, therapeutic effects and safety of these systems, aiming to provide a framework for designing more efficient, selective, and biocompatible brain-targeting drug delivery systems to advance the treatment of brain diseases. By doing so, it is hoped that this review will contribute significantly to propelling the development of clinical treatments for brain diseases, bringing new hope and improved outcomes for patients suffering from these debilitating conditions.

Chapter 2 - Nano-based Drug Delivery and Diagnostic Systems

Periodontitis is a dysbiotic biofilm-induced and host-mediated inflammatory disease of tooth supporting tissues that leads to progressive destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, thereby resulting in gingival recession, deep periodontal pockets, tooth mobility and exfoliation, and aesthetically and functionally compromised dentition. Due to the improved biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties and targeted and controlled drug release, nano-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontal defects, allowing for increased efficacy and safety in controlling local inflammation, establishing a regenerative microenvironment, and regaining bone and attachments. This review provides an overview of nano-based drug delivery systems and illustrates their practical applications, future prospects, and limitations in the field of periodontal tissue regeneration.

Recent advances in targeted stimuli-responsive nano-based drug delivery systems combating atherosclerosis

Recent advances in nano-based drug delivery systems for treatment of liver cancer

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores as imaging tools to trace the biological fate of nano-based drug delivery systems.

Propionibacterium acnes and Sebaceous Lipogenesis: A Love–Hate Relationship?

Identifying the Vulnerable Patient with Rupture-Prone Plaque

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated genetic disease with systemic and cutaneous manifestations that can significantly impair patients' quality of life. 2-3% of the world population suffers from psoriasis, and this imposes a significant economic burden on patients. Aetiology is mainly related to genes and environmental factors. The pathophysiology of psoriasis is characterized by T cells and dendritic cells, antimicrobial peptides, genetic predisposition, lipoprotein-2, galactosin-3, fractalkine, vaspin, human neutrophil peptides, etc. in the progression of psoriasis. For patients with psoriasis, conventional treatments include corticosteroids, vitamin D3 analogs, calcineurin inhibitors, methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, phototherapy, and biological agents, etc. Today, there are various standard topical therapeutic approaches that can help control the condition for months to years, however, complete recovery from psoriasis with these treatments has not been reported. Therefore, researchers around the world are mainly considering the possibility of using various nanotechnological therapies for complete recovery. New drug delivery carriers, in particular nanocarriers, can overcome certain disadvantages of conventional treatment methods, such as: dose minimization, frequency of administration, and dose-dependent side effects. Nanodermatology is a new multidisciplinary science that is gaining more and more recognition in the treatment of psoriasis. The use of nanotechnology makes it possible to select drugs to achieve dermal targeting, increase efficiency and minimize unwanted effects. Currently, these nanocarriers are becoming increasingly popular as delivery vehicles for psoriasis drugs due to their non-toxicity, natural degradability, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, they do not cause harmful inflammatory reactions and are easily excreted from the body. Reports of nanocarrier delivery for the treatment of psoriasis have shown improved efficacy and reduced toxicity compared to standard pharmacotherapy. To better clarify the application of nanotechnology in the treatment of psoriasis, various drugs based on nanocarriers will be summarized. This review provides a concise overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, and classical pharmacotherapy of psoriasis. The review also summarizes various nanotechnological treatments for the effective treatment of psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a genetic chronic disease mediated by the immune system with systemic and cutaneous manifestations that can significantly deteriorate patients’ quality of life. Two–three percent of the population worldwide suffer from psoriasis and it imposes a substantial economic burden on patients. The aetiology is mainly related with genes and environmental factors. The pathophysiology of psoriasis is characterized by T cells and dendritic cells, antimicrobial peptides, genetic predispositions, lipoprotein-2, galactosin-3, fractalkine, vaspin, and human neutrophilic peptides, etc. in the progression of psoriasis. For patients with psoriasis, the traditional treatments include corticosteroids, vitamin D3 analogues, calcineurin inhibitors, methotrexate, cyclosporine, acitretin, phototherapy, and biological agents, etc. Nanodermatology is an emerging, multidisciplinary science that is gaining increasing recognition in the treatment of psoriasis. This review provides a summary of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, and classical pharmacotherapy of psoriasis. The review also summarizes different nanotechnology therapies for effective treatment of psoriasis.

The Helicobacter pylori Virulence Effector CagA Abrogates Human β-Defensin 3 Expression via Inactivation of EGFR Signaling

Injury Is a Major Inducer of Epidermal Innate Immune Responses during Wound Healing

This study aims to explore the applications, advantages, challenges, and future perspectives of nanotechnology in dentistry, highlighting its role in improving diagnostic accuracy, treatment precision, and patient outcomes. A scientific narrative review was conducted using a descriptive analysis method to synthesize literature published between 2020 and 2025 on nanotechnology applications in dentistry. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and clinical studies were obtained from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included studies focusing on nanomaterials, nanocomposites, nanorobotics, and nano-based drug delivery systems in various dental disciplines, including preventive, restorative, endodontic, periodontal, prosthodontic, orthodontic, and diagnostic applications. The analysis examined the mechanical, antimicrobial, and biocompatible properties of nanomaterials, their clinical effectiveness, and associated risks. The findings indicate that nanotechnology has significantly enhanced the strength, durability, and antibacterial properties of dental materials, leading to improved restorative and preventive treatments. Nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanotubes have been integrated into composite resins, implants, and regenerative scaffolds, improving osseointegration, tissue regeneration, and enamel remineralization. Nanobiosensors and nanosensors have facilitated early disease detection, while nano-based drug delivery systems have optimized targeted therapies with minimal systemic side effects. Despite these advancements, concerns regarding cytotoxicity, long-term biocompatibility, regulatory challenges, and high costs remain barriers to widespread clinical adoption. Nanotechnology has revolutionized modern dentistry by providing innovative solutions for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Its integration with artificial intelligence, regenerative medicine, and robotics is expected to further enhance patient-centered and minimally invasive treatments. Future research should focus on addressing safety concerns, improving cost-effectiveness, and establishing standardized regulatory guidelines to ensure the long-term success of nanotechnology in dentistry.

Skin Electroporation of a Plasmid Encoding hCAP-18/LL-37 Host Defense Peptide Promotes Wound Healing