Nalidixic acid and diabetic ketoacidosis

Abstract

Sir, Nalidixic acid as the first quinolone was isolated as a by-product of the synthesis of chloroquine. It has been available for the treatment of urinary tract infections for many years.[1] We present here the report of a 13-year-old girl who was referred to the toxicologic emergency department of Baharloo Hospital by a general physician from his office because of seizure and decrease in consciousness. Her seizure was tonic clonic and did not repeat more than one time during hospitalization. There was no history of previous disease. She was diagnosed as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) based on her laboratory test results on admission to the hospital, and thus the treatment was started. She was completely cured without any signs and symptoms of diabetes and DKA, 24 h after admission. Her drug history showed nalidixic acid overdosage. Her first complaints were agitation, jerking, and spasm in her upper limbs, along with low consciousness that was diagnosed as seizure by a general physician and cured by administration of diazepam in his office (her seizure might be due to nalidixic acid, but the other etiologic factors such as severe acidosis and electrolyte disturbances might not be ruled out). Her initial vital signs and lab tests on hospital admission are shown in Table 1. Neurological examination was intact except mild agitation and confusion. Fever was not detected. In urine analysis, ketones were large and glucose was 1+. Urine culture was sterile. Arterial blood gas (ABG) was reported as severe acidosis. Chest X-ray was normal. By taking history and performing lab tests, the other etiologies of metabolic acidosis, like renal failure, alcohol drinking, starvation and consumption of other toxins, were ruled out. Table 1 Initial vital signs and lab tests on hospital admission She was diagnosed as DKA and treatment was given with insulin (10 U regular status + 5 U/h), normal saline (2000 mL for 3 h), and potassium (10 mL KCl 15% in 1 L of serum). After continuation of treatment, her blood sugar finally reached 111 mg/dL and ABG became normal [Table 2]. She had a family history of diabetes mellitus as her brother was a diabetic, but there was no history of atopic or epilepsy. Ten empty packets of nalidixic acid (ingested with a suicidal intention) were found near her bed, which was confirmed by history taking after the patient showed clinical improvement. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the patient was completely cured without any symptoms and signs of diabetes and DKA. Table 2 Arterial blood gas and arterial blood glucose data and treatment There are reports of glycosuria[2–4] and hyperglycemia, convulsions, in overdosage of nalidixic acidor even therapeutic dose of nalidixic acid.[5] There are also reports of metabolic acidosis in overdosage[6–9] or therapeutic dose of nalidixic acid.[1,10] To our knowledge, till date there has been no report of DKA following overdosage of nalidixic acid. DKA may be the initial symptom complex that leads to a diagnosis of type 1 DM, but more frequently it occurs in individuals with established diabetes. Nausea and vomiting are often prominent, and their presence in an individual with diabetes warrants laboratory evaluation for DKA[11] Drugs can also be a precipitating factor. There are reports of hyperglycemia, convulsions,[1] and glycosuria in overdosage of nalidixic acid.[2–4] As far as our patient is concerned, she had a positive family history of diabetes mellitus and this presentation may be due to the window period of diabetes mellitus. So, there is a need to follow-up the patient as she could develop overt diabetes mellitus. However, more precautions need to be taken while prescribing nalidixic acid for high-risk patients for diabetes mellitus. As this communication is the first report of its kind, it should encourage aggressive pharmacovigilance in future.