Nacre−Inspired Structure Enables Ultrahigh "Strong−Tough" Design of Phosphorus Anode

Abstract

Red phosphorus anode, attributed to its high specific capacity of 2596 mAh g−1, is expected to improve the energy density of Na−ion batteries. However, the P anode currently is unsatisfactory for practical usage due to the large volume expansion beyond 300%, which brings out uncontrolled brittle failure. To address this challenge, we here design a nacre−like phosphorus anode by resilient graphene oxide staggered together. The staggered structure simultaneously offers mechanical strength and interwoven toughness. Finite element modeling reveals that the sodiation stress from P nanoparticles will be transferred into interlayer pillars as the elastic medium to release sodiation stress. The prepared anode achieves an ultrahigh areal capacity of 13 mAh cm−2 at a mass loading of 5.8 mg cm−2. Notably, the volume change of the anode is limited to approximately 8.2% at full sodiation, significantly lower than that of the traditional phosphorus electrodes.