中国生态建设回顾与展望

Abstract

伴随着我国四十多年的经济快速发展和生态环境问题的日益严峻，生态建设得到了越来越多的重视，尤其是党的十八大以来，生态建设的战略地位大大提升。我国生态环境虽然经过了几十年的治理，但是生态环境质量仍然有较大的上升空间，我国仍处于重大生态工程的密集实施期。总结过去生态建设的发展历程和历史经验，可为我国未来生态工程的实施和效益提升提供一些启示和借鉴，促进我国生态文明的建设。通过对新中国生态建设历程的回顾与展望，结果表明：（1）以1978年、2000年为界，将新中国生态建设历程划分为生态建设启蒙认识阶段、生态建设启动实施阶段和生态建设快速发展与生态文明发展阶段。（2）我国的生态建设取得了巨大成就：林草植被得到恢复，退化土地得到治理；山区牧区产业产值不断增加，农牧民收入不断提高，脱贫攻坚任务逐步完成；生态文明和绿色发展理念基本形成。（3）未来的生态建设需要倾向于通过绿色发展模式，减少经济系统对生态系统的压力，以侧面支援生态建设；认清生态建设自身发展规律，建立科学的生态工程启动和退出机制，以避免生态工程建设时段错位；提高生态工程的动态管理水平，提升生态工程建设和管理质量。;With the rapidly economic development for more than 40 years and the increasingly severe problems of ecological environment in China, more and more attention has been paid to ecological construction. The strategic position of ecological construction has been greatly enhanced since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Although China's ecological environment governance has been implemented for decades, the quality of ecological environment should still be improved much better, and now, China is still in the intensive implementation period of major ecological projects. Summing up of the development course and historical experience of ecological construction can provide some enlightenment and reference for the implementation and benefit promotion in the future and promote the construction of ecological civilization in China. China's Ecological Construction course has been reviewed in this paper, and three stages had been divided according to the comparison of ecological destruction and ecological protection forces in different periods. Finally, we put forward some suggestions and prospects for the ecological development. Main points were as follows:(1) Bounded by 1978 and 2000, the course of ecological construction in China was divided into three stages:the initiation stage of ecological construction dominated by ecological damage and lack of ecological protection, the start-up stage of ecological construction with less ecological protection than ecological damage, and the rapid development of ecological construction and ecological civilization stage with more ecological protection than ecological damage. (2) Great achievements have been made in the implementation of China's ecological construction:vegetation of forest and grass has been restored, degraded land has been effectively managed, the industrial output value in mountainous and pastoral areas has been increasing, in the income of farmers and herdsmen has been continuously improved, and the task of overcoming poverty has been gradually completed, and the ecological civilization and green development concept have been formed in the development of ecological projects. (3) In future ecological construction, we should reduce the pressure of the economic system on ecological system through the green development model to support ecological construction laterally. We should recognize the law of ecological construction development and establish a scientific start-up and exit mechanism of ecological project to avoid the dislocation of construction period in ecological project. And, we should also improve the dynamic management level of ecological projects to promote the quality of ecological construction projects and management.