紙ゴミの発生と回収システムの問題点

Recycling sustainability of waste paper industry in Beijing City: An analysis based on value chain and GIS model

The European Community is striving for a sustainable society as suggested by the UN’s 2015 sustainability goals. The circular economy in the paper and packaging industry is of particular importance here because it consumes many resources. The paper industry in Germany with a fiber recycling rate of 85% in 2022 is already a pioneer and role model for other industries. All materials should be recyclable. Fiber-based composites/laminates are currently becoming increasingly important. Essential questions are: which collection systems and recycling paths should be used for fiber-based composites/laminates, and where are there currently challenges with recycling? To answer these questions, 58 questionnaires answered by German experts and practitioners in the German paper industry were evaluated. Wet-strength papers, adhesives, plastic coatings and wax dispersions were perceived as a problem by 70% of all respondents, and packaging residues by almost 40%. Additionally, 90% stated that the composition of paper for recycling changes regularly due to legislation, trends and innovations, while 60% attributed this to recent changes in legislation. For at least 80%, virgin fibers from packaging are valuable for paper recycling, but only 15% of respondents stated that virgin fibers compensate for the disadvantages of rejects. Almost 90% expected challenges with fiber-based composites/laminates in the existing paper for recycling processes. Overall, the collection and recycling of fiber-based composites/laminates in conventional paper for recycling collection and the recycling system is not desirable. An integrated collection, sorting and recycling system should be considered, especially because a further increase in fiber-based composites is to be expected. In the end, the design for recycling and following recycling guidelines are the key to the recycling industry in the future. Good recyclability of fiber-based composites/laminates would improve their acceptance by paper recyclers. Their virgin fibers are particularly valuable. The results of our study are relevant to the recycling and fiber industry, standard-setting bodies, regulatory authorities and research. The limitation of this study is that experts from the paper industry were interviewed, but the recyclability of the fiber materials was not analyzed by measurement, and the machine technology of the interviewees could not be examined and evaluated.

This paper investigates solid-waste management performance potential within Al-Ahliyya Amman University (AAU), Jordan, in the context of environmental benefits and the UI green metric rating system waste category indicators. First, a field survey was conducted to characterise and quantify solid waste generated in AAU. Second, a checklist of the solid-waste management practices in university campuses was developed, based on the UI green metric rating system. Finally, the environmental impact of implementing solid-waste management in AAU campus was measured using the zero waste index (ZWI). The findings show that 491 tonnes of mixed waste are produced each year on campus, of which compostable waste, recyclables, and non-recyclables account for around 21%, 47%, and 32%, respectively. Using the ZWI to measure the performance of waste management practices, the study found a score of 0.75 for non-recyclable paper and plastic prevention; paper, plastic, and metal recycling; and organic composting. Paper recycling was found to have the greatest impact on virgin material substitution, and metal recycling has the highest potential for energy, water, and greenhouse-gas savings. Waste management projects in Jordanian universities should include reduction, in addition to paper and metal recycling in phase 1; and plastic recycling and composting should be applied in phase 2. Since not all waste management practices have the same environmental impact, the study recommends redistributing the UI green metric waste indicators points in accordance with environmental impact.

2 - Legislation for Use of Recycled Paper

Linkage between recycling and consumption: a case of toilet paper in Japan

The ‘problem’ of refugees in a world of states is important in the real world, consequential for our understanding of a current issue that significantly affects lives. Refugees are individuals fleeing their homes due to conditions that exceed those considered ‘normal’, and policies formulated in their regard and attitudes towards them will in some cases mean the difference between life and death. The evolving international legal regime that surrounds the refugee highlights the continued importance of the issue to the international community. And the study of refugee issues is essential to our understanding of the significant impact the ‘problem’ now has on aspects of international and national politics, policy-making processes, human rights and development.

China's recyclable resources recycling system and policy: A case study in Suzhou

Dynamic Simulation of Waste Paper Recycling System in Japan

The purpose of this research is to study the changes in the market structure of China’s pulp and paper product imports. In particular, the import trade environment and market layout of Chinese pulp and paper products have changed under the international context of the coronavirus pandemic and the Sino-US trade dispute and the domestic policy context of zero imports of Chinese waste paper. This study attempts to fill the gap regarding the influencing factors of market structure, while contributing new ideas on China’s trade in pulp and paper products. Based on pulp and paper product import and export trade data from 2005 to 2021, a trade gravity model was used to explore the changes in the share of China’s trade partners for pulp and paper product imports and their influencing factors. The results indicated that the outbreak of COVID-19 led to a significant increase in China’s imports of packaging paper products, bringing about an increase in Indonesia’s status as a partner in China’s pulp and paper product trade. The US-China trade dispute had an impact on pulp and paper product trade between the two countries, with China’s tax countermeasures causing the US to lose its status as a trading partner in China for pulp and paper product imports. The center of gravity for paper product imports has moved from the US and Japan to Indonesia and Russia. The restrictions on waste paper imports have shifted the focus of China’s paper raw material imports, with the US no longer being the main importer of China’s paper raw materials. Specifically, the main importers of wood pulp are Brazil and Chile, while the main importers of waste paper pulp are Thailand and Malaysia. In the future, China needs to continuously strengthen dialogue with the United States to resolve trade disputes and create a favorable environment for trade in pulp and paper products. At the same time, China’s paper enterprises should strengthen the expansion of the Southeast Asian market and reduce dependence on the US market, and China should continue to improve the waste paper recycling system and improve the utilization rate of domestic waste paper.

Dynamic simulation of waste paper recycling system in japan

There are many types of waste, including organic or household waste, plastic waste, and paper waste. Sometimes, even rarely among us, we can manage waste that has economic value. Analysis of the problem situation faced by Gelogor Village, namely that there is no orderly sorting of organic, paper, and plastic waste, they do not understand waste management procedures, the products made still need to have a brand, and difficulties in marketing the products. The aim of this service is to provide training related to waste management that can have economic value in Gelogor Village. The Participatory Action Research (PAR) method was implemented and implemented in three stages: planning, implementation, assessment, and monitoring. The method used is to conduct a field survey first, followed by coordinating the implementation of the service, distributing invitations to the community, preparing a schedule of service activities, and the core activity, namely conducting training. The results of this service research are that Gelogor residents are very enthusiastic about waste management, this can be seen from the various questions asked by the Gelogor Village community. There is great hope for the role of village officials to provide support related to waste management, such as the trash basket in each local resident's house consisting of three trash cans.

Each year, a large amount of waste paper (WP) is generated in Japan, and due to the change in lifestyle with the COVID-19 pandemic, the WP collection and recycling system in Japan faces new challenges. Although the government of Japan has installed WP collection systems, the efficiency of these traditional WP collection systems is too low, and this causes inconvenience to the governments, residents, and other stakeholders. On the other hand, some recycling companies in Japan are trying to establish a nontraditional WP collection system by setting their own WP collection stations in cooperative supermarkets. Yet, the efficiency of this new system has not been clarified. This research aims to investigate the current status, operational characteristics, and the role of recycling companies’ WP collection stations in the Japanese WP collection system. By performing trade area analysis and stepwise OLS regression, this research will evaluate WP collection stations’ efficiency. Moreover, this research will also discuss how the new WP collection system improves WP collection efficiency and residents’ convenience. The results show that WP collection stations efficiency is particularly high in large supermarkets with many parking spaces and long business hours, as well as in areas with many families with children. Recycling companies’ WP collection system could create a system, which can satisfy resident, government, and recycling company interests at the same time.

Although rapid growth of registered industrial waste and domestic waste was settled down, amount of waste from a business sector, mainly small and medium size enterprises was still increasing. These wastes are not included within the 19 kinds of registered industrial waste, and a local government holds a responsible for its final treatment. It is necessary to clarify the key factors why recycling and reuse of these wastes was disturbed. One of the important items was found to be a waste paper. Tokyo University of Information Sciences (TUIS) and Chiba city municipal government was conducted a joint study. The aim of this study is to develop an effective recycling system of waste paper for small and medium size enterprises. In this experiment, a collection bag was distributed to 19 partner offices and the partner put this bag at the corner of the office or an appropriate place in the building. 5 companies of waste paper recovery in Chiba city cooperated with our experiment, and collected the waste papers from the collection bag by the regular sampling duration. The amount of the collected papers was measured at the same time. Consequently, a magazine and mixed paper occupied the majority. Next was a corrugated cardboard. It was found that almost offices could not segregate the papers sufficiently. After the experiment, second questionnaire survey was carried out for the partner enterprises.

The Indian tradition, Ahimsa which instils absolute non-violence, equality, universal love and oneness of all human beings is believed to have a guiding role in the conduct of national and international politics. But, the practical contribution of Ahimsa has been insignificant and questionable both in modern national and international politics. Historically contingent truths about the natures of modern national politics have witnessed; values, norms and laws of states are mainly executed by the use of hard power and immoral instruments as conditions dictate. Monopoly of coercive apparatus and conditional immorality are proved to be the core essences of modern states. International relation is also characterized by the logic of political realism which gives priority to state power and national interest than Ahimsa’s universal principles of love and oneness of all human beings. In this article, by using analytic approach, an effort is made to critically analyze concepts to expound the existence of basic contradictions of the moral principles and values of Ahimsa with the basic natures and purposes of the politics of modern sates and international relations.

In the age of governance, political leadership is a multi-level activity. Multi-level governance research shows that policy-making at national, transnational, and subnational levels of governance is increasingly tangled, interconnected, and overlapping. Political leadership research has mainly focused on how politicians perform political leadership at a single level of governance, however. Chapter 8 develops a concept of multi-level political leadership, which aims to capture how political leadership involves efforts to affect decisions made by politicians appointed at other levels of governance. The conditions and opportunities for performing multi-level political leadership vary between politicians authorized at transnational, national, and subnational levels of governance. Community sentiments are not equally strong among all citizens; politicians at different levels do not have the same type and amount of NATO resources; public attention varies; and the impact and influence that national, transnational and sub-national politicians are expected to have differ. In light of these differences, expectations are that transnational and subnational politicians are more likely to embrace a multi-level leadership approach than national politicians will.