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Abstract
ABSTRACT This article assesses the limitations of European Union (EU) documents regarding the sociological aspects of civil–military relations. Although these documents aim to improve the relationship between the civil and military sectors, their focus predominantly remains on institutional aspects. Noteworthy exceptions include Airspace Management, where the complexities of their interaction receive heightened attention. Through a comprehensive analysis of EU documents, this study uncovers three key findings: (1) a noticeable deficiency in addressing internal EU civil–military relations, as discussions surrounding civilian oversight and military democracy primarily pertain to non-EU nations; (2) a prevailing emphasis on institutional coordination that neglects the sociological aspects of civil–military interactions; and (3) the opportunity to strengthen the sociological aspects of coordination within the cyber domain, given its inherent characteristics that may facilitate civil–military collaboration. These findings are further analysed by investigating the foundational aspects of the EU’s conceptualisation of civil–military relations and the influence of the ambiguous notion of “European Practice” on this perspective.
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