Abstract
The Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF) is used as a source of biofertilizers due to their production of secondary metabolites and beneficial effects on plants. The present work is focused on the co-cultivation of Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum (PGT4), T. reesei (PGT5) and T. reesei (PGT13)) and the production of secondary metabolites from mono and co-culture and mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), which were characterized by a UV visible spectrophotometer, Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Selected Area (Electron) Diffraction (SAED) patterns. The fungal secondary metabolite crude was extracted from the mono and co-culture of Trichoderma spp. And were analyzed by GC-MS, which was further subjected for antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, the causative organism for Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) in rice. Our results showed that the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded from the co-culture of Trichoderma spp. rather than mono cultures, which indicates that co-cultivation of beneficial fungi can stimulate the synthesis of novel secondary metabolites better than in monocultures. ZnO NPs were synthesized from fungal secondary metabolites of mono cultures of Trichoderma harzianum (PGT4), Trichoderma reesei (PGT5), Trichoderma reesei (PGT13) and co-culture (PGT4 + PGT5 + PGT13). These ZnO NPs were checked for antibacterial activity against Xoo, which was found to be of a dose-dependent manner. In summary, the biosynthesized ZnO NPs and secondary metabolites from co-culture of Trichoderma spp. are ecofriendly and can be used as an alternative for chemical fertilizers in agriculture.
Highlights
Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) is one of the most vital and essential nourishment sources for half of the world’s population, it belongs to the family Poaceae, and it is the most widely cultivated food crop in the world [1]
The Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was recovered from the samples collected, showing typical Xoo bacterial colony characteristics such as a yellow color and mucoid, convex colonies on plating the samples as explained by Jabeen et al [33] (Table S1)
Biological control provides an alternative for chemical fertilizers and reduces costs as well as environmental pollution
Summary
Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) is one of the most vital and essential nourishment sources for half of the world’s population, it belongs to the family Poaceae, and it is the most widely cultivated food crop in the world [1]. About 40% of rice crops are lost due to biotic stresses such as insects, pathogens, pests and weeds [2]. Rice’s BLB is one of the most damaging causes of disease, which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. This bacteria restricts annual production of rice in both tropical and temperate regions of the world [5]. The damage is more severe than in the temperate regions [6]. Various disease management strategies are used to minimize BLB damage, such as chemical control, host–plant resistance, crop system modification, and biological control [8]
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