Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association is the most common symbiotic association of plants with microbes. AM fungi occur in the majority of natural habitats and they provide a range of important biological services, in particular by improving plant nutrition, abiotic resistance, and soil structure and fertility. AM fungi also interact with most crop varieties and forest plants. The possible benefit of AM fungi in forestry can be achieved through a combination of inoculum methods. The mycorrhizal inoculum levels in the soil and their colonization in different forest plant roots which leads to reduce the fertilizers, pathogen effects and fungicides and to protect topsoil, soil erosion, and water-logging. Currently, several reports were suggested that AM symbiosis can improve the potential for different plant species. Two steps could be used to produce high yielding of different plant biomass that would be both mycorrhizal dependency and suitability for sowing into the field with high inoculum levels Therefore, the wide-scale inoculation of AM fungi on forest trees will become economically important. The successful research is required in the area of mass production of AM fungal inoculum and AM fungi associated with roots which will contribute to sustainable forestry.
Highlights
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous soil microorganisms
The maximum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) root colonization and biomass production was observed in the treatment E, while it was low in sevin treated plants
The plant root infection and spore population were good in the forest soils and they were less in the overburden coal mine spoils
Summary
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous soil microorganisms. AM fungi have great potential to increase plant growth and soil aggregate formation which improves soil quality and development of plant health [1] AM fungi and microorganisms in the rhizosphere contaminate roots and fabricate rich nutrients condition for plant development [2]. Mycorrhizal dependency (MD) is the most important in developing the management of crop plants and forest trees. The RFMD (relative field mycorrhizal dependency) proposed by Plenchette et al [11] expresses the difference in dry biomass between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments as a percentage of the biomass of mycorrhizal treatment. This method is very useful in the ranking of different host plants with an individual experiment but absolutely the values of RFMD will depend on the nutrient status of the soil. A direct correlation can be observed between the percent of mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus content of the plants. Mycorrhizal dependency of Acacia nilotica lowers as the P-level in soil was increased [14]
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