Muçulmanos negros na Pequena África Carioca: magia e subversão entre os anos de 1904-1937

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical, anal and oro-pharyngeal cancer worldwide. The HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of HPV-related malignancies but vaccination rates in the United State (US) vary significantly by region. In this study, we assessed whether state-level politics is associated with receipt of HPV vaccination in the US, and if the association is modified by sex and age.MethodsThis study analyzed data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Persons ages 18 to 36 years of age, who lived in 17 states that included the supplementary “Adult Human Papillomavirus (HPV)” module questionnaire in 2016, 2017 or 2018, were included. We compared self-reported receipt of HPV vaccination among persons living in Republican versus Democratic states, based on state electoral college votes in the 2016 US presidential election. Mantel-Haenszel stratified analysis was used to estimate prevalence ratios and to assess for effect modification and control for confounding.ResultsOverall, 36,334 survey respondents were included in the analysis, 22.7% of whom reported prior receipt of the HPV vaccine, 28.1% in Democratic states and 20.4% in Republican states. When adjusted for race, living in a Democratic state was associated with a higher prevalence of prior receipt of the HPV vaccine in comparison to living in a Republican state. This association was strongest for men less than 26 years of age (PR 1.77, 95% CI: 1.58, 1.98) but remained significant for men ages 26 – 36 years (PR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.85), women less than 26 years of age (PR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.27), and women ages 26 – 36 years (PR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.57, 1.83).ConclusionOverall HPV vaccine coverage was low in adults 18–36 years of age. The strong association between state-level voting patterns and prior receipt of the HPV vaccine suggests that HPV vaccine coverage is lower in Republican states when compared to Democratic states. Further public health efforts are needed to promote HPV vaccine uptake among young men and women, particularly in Republican voting states.DisclosuresAll Authors: No reported disclosures

Contents: Foreword, Christopher Clapham Preface, Timothy M. Shaw Introduction: the new regionalism in Africa, J. Andrew Grant and Fredrik SA derbaum. Part I: Regional Perspectives: New regionalism as an alias: regionalization through trans-state networks, Daniel C. Bach Weak states, strong regimes: towards a 'Real' political economy of African regionalization, Morten BA,A[yen]s New regionalism, states and non-state actors in West Africa, Okechukwu C. Iheduru Regional development-environment discourses, policies and practices in post-Apartheid Southern Africa, David Simon. Part II: National Perspectives: Deteriorating human security in Kenya: domestic, regional and global dimensions, Stephen Brown New regionalism and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: networks of plunder and networks for peace, Sandra J. MacLean New regionalism and micro-regionalism in South-Western Africa: the oil-rich enclave of Cabinda, J. Andrew Grant Angola after Savimbi: new hope for the South/Central region? J. ZA e Wilson and Arsene Bwenge Mwaka Cold War regional hangovers in Southern Africa: Zambian development strategies, SADC and the new regionalism approach, Eve Sandberg and Naomi Sabel. Part III: Conclusions: Regionalization, the state and human security/development in Africa: thoughts for advancing the debate, Kevin C. Dunn and James J. Hentz The future of new regionalism in Africa: regional governance, human security/development and beyond, Timothy M. Shaw, Fredrik SA derbaum, Julius E. Nyang'oro and J. Andrew Grant Bibliography Index.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Education & TrainingFull AccessResidents on Both Coasts Get Culture-Diversity ExperienceEve KupersaninEve KupersaninSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:17 May 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.37.10.0035Cultural competency standards look good in guidelines, position statements, and other official documents, but this doesn’t necessarily mean these standards are being put to work for patients.James Thompson, M.D., M.P.H., director of APA’s Division of Education, Minority, and National Programs and clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, spoke at the annual meeting of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training (AADPRT) about the importance of teaching cultural competency in psychiatry residency programs (Original article: see facing page).Thompson helped to develop courses that build cultural awareness in residents at the University of Maryland/Sheppard Pratt psychiatry residency program and told training directors that residents there are enjoying themselves while learning about cultural issues in psychiatry.In a recent interview with Psychiatric News, Lisa Green-Paden, M.D., director of multicultural affairs for the University of Maryland training program, said that psychiatry residents are excused from their clinical duties for one day in March each year to participate in Cultural Diversity Day. The focus of the event is make residents aware of cultural differences in the patients they treat and the issues that residents may encounter when they treat patients who have cultural backgrounds different from theirs.University of Maryland psychiatry residents plan and develop the lectures and workshops for each Cultural Diversity Day under a different theme each year. Spirituality and alternative medicine dominated this year’s event, in part because of the terrorist attacks of September 11 in New York and Washington, D.C., Green-Paden said.Panelists in one of the workshops spoke to residents about spirituality; the panel consisted of Muslim, Buddhist, Jewish, and Christian spiritual leaders. Residents also learned about how acupuncture has been used in the treatment of substance abuse.The theme of last year’s Cultural Diversity Day was intercultural communication. A linguist lectured to residents, and Green-Paden led a workshop on how slang is used in different languages.For the past two years, Cultural Diversity Day has been a treat for the taste buds, too. The residents—or residents’ families, in some cases—cooked meals traditionally served in their native cultures for one another to eat. Among the countries represented were Egypt, India, Greece, Nigeria, and Israel.As part of their cultural training, first- and second-year psychiatric residents at the University of Maryland take didactic courses in cultural psychiatry. In the last two years of training, residents focus on sociocultural issues that arise in psychotherapy and combine cultural training with case conferences.Francis Lu, M.D., a professor of clinical psychiatry and director of the Cultural Competence and Diversity Program in the department of psychiatry at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), is also getting residents up to speed on treating patients from diverse backgrounds.He talked about how psychiatry residents at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) are working with staff and patients through the SFGH program.In their first year of residency, UCSF residents rotate through four of seven ethnic minority-focused inpatient programs at the hospital in which nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, and occupational therapists provide care with the cultural needs of certain populations in mind.At the hospital, there are specialized programs for Asian, African-American, and Hispanic patients, as well as programs for women patients; patients with HIV/AIDS; gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender patients; and patients in the custody of the San Francisco Sheriff’s Department.Staff members on the units often share the same culture as those of the patients—but not in all cases—and can speak the same languages. They also have an advanced understanding of patients’ cultural backgrounds. Staff working in the Asian focus program speak 14 Asian languages and a number of Chinese dialects, for instance.The Cultural Competence and Diversity program at SFGH also consists of a task force on spirituality and task forces dedicated to the unique cultural issues of six minority populations. Task force members regularly educate staff and faculty in the department of psychiatry through seminars, workshops, and grand rounds, Lu said. ▪ ISSUES NewArchived

Bi‐monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at an 8 km spatial resolution from the advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRR) was used from 1981 to 1995 to analyse the vegetation response to rainfall supply in semi‐arid regions of Africa. Within the 200–600 mm annual rainfall belt, for which the apparent NDVI response to rainfall was the strongest, three regions were selected which exhibited different patterns in their NDVI regimes and/or relationships with rainfall. The regions, located in western, southern and eastern Africa, were split into coherent sub‐regions in terms of mean regime of photosynthetic activity through a cluster analysis. Overall, intra‐regional differences were found to be of relatively minor importance compared with inter‐regional differences. The mean annual rain‐use efficiency (RUEa) was the highest in southern Africa, followed by that in eastern Africa, and it was the lowest in western Africa. In eastern Africa, a distinctive feature was found which consisted of the dissimilar vegetation response to the two rainy seasons. For a given rainfall amount, the NDVI peak was comparatively higher for the short versus the long rains. Then, in all three regions, the correlation between rainfall and NDVI regimes was found to be significantly high. Moreover, the lag between the rainfall and NDVI peaks, which was found to be the smallest in western Africa (1 month), and the highest in southern Africa (over 1.5 month), was determined to be related to the increased rainfall rate before the peak. In view of these results, it is shown that the dominant cause for the inter‐regional discrepancies, at the spatial and temporal scales considered, is the structure of the rainy season (distribution, concentration) more than the potential evapotranspiration, vegetation cover or soil type.

BackgroundAnopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. In the current study, we sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well asdescribe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzi populations.MethodsMosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS.ResultsThis study reports the detection of Anopheles coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points sampled and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, we found a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies of ~60%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya.ConclusionsThese findings emphasise the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.

BackgroundAnopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. The current study sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well as describe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzii populations.MethodsMosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS. Comparisons were made with An. coluzzii cohorts from West and Central Africa.ResultsThis study reports the detection of An. coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points from which samples were analyzed and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, there was a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies up to 64%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya.ConclusionsThese findings emphasize the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.

Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas

Muslim Brotherhoods have been prominent feature in the spread of Islam in West Africa. Missionaries and traders from North Africa brought with them the cult of baraka, a spiritual power which inhered in certain holy men and was transmitted to their disciples who formed a tariqa or Sufi brotherhood. The leaders of the brotherhoods became focal points of loyalty and obedience within a network of religious centres scattered throughout West Africa. In this way the brotherhoods formed cohesive groupings over a wide geographical area which cross-cut ethnic ties. The religious obligations and ritual practices of the tariqas enabled the members to maintain close relationships with one another. As a result, the brotherhood leaders emerged as rivals of the traditional rulers who had been the patrons of the holy men. The jihads of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries aimed at eliminating those rulers and chiefs who refused to accept the stringent religious ethic advocated by the Muslim leaders and establishing in their place theocratic sates under the rule of the religious reformers. The policies pursued by the two colonial powers the area altered the course of events. In Nigeria, the British policy of Indirect Rule gave a large measure of autonomy to the Fulani Emirs who were members of the Qadiriyya Brotherhood and had gained power through the jihad of Uthman dan Fodio. In Senegal the Muslim leaders and the semi-pagan rulers joined in an uneasy alliance to defeat the French. When Wolof resistance to the French collapsed, the Calonial Administration destroyed the indigenous political system by replacing hereditary rulers with appointees of the central govern eat. As a result, the Muslim leaders became the sole representatives of popular aspirations. The agricultural policy sponsored by the French enabled the Muslim leaders to rally their followers by encouraging them to engage in groundnut production. Thus, the leaders of the Muridiyya and Tijaniyya Brotherhoods managed to achieve a nodal position in the economic life of Senegal. Because of their acknowledged religious and economic position the Brotherhoods have continued to play a decisive role in Senegalese political development even after independence. In Nigeria the Fulani Emirs discouraged brotherhood activity along their Hausa subjects. During the post-war period when Nigeria was preparing for self-governments the Fulani viewed the end of Indirect Rule as a threat to their monopoly of political power in the Northern Region. The dramatic increase in the activity of the Tijaniyya order at that time indicated the extent of popular resent tent felt by the Hausa with regard to the Fulani rulers. Hence in both regions the activity of the brotherhoods is a sign and a symptom of profound social and political changes.

Part 1 Regionalism and globalization in sub-Saharan Africa: revisiting a paradigm, Daniel Bach multilateralism and regionalism in international economic relations, Alice Landau African regional economic integration and the European Union, Walter Kennes. Part 2 States and territories: crisis of the state and communalism - new ideological stakes in African integration, Dominique Darbon boundaries and states in the new African order, Christopher Clapham paradoxes and ambiguities of democratization, Abdoulaye Niandou Souley is African civil society civilized?, Celestin Monga the collapse of Congo/Zaire and its regional impact, Edouard Bustin integration and disintegration in the Nigerian Federation, Rotimi Suberu territoriality and institutional change in the New South Africa, Simon Bekker. Part 3 Regional organizations: integration in ECOWAS - successes and difficulties, Olatunde B.J. Ojo failing institutions and shattered spaces - what regional integration in Central Africa?, Marc-Louis Ropivia the renovation of UDEAC - sense and nonsense in Central African integration, Michel Lelart the rival strategies of SADC and COMESA in Southern Africa, Peter Takirambudde SACU and the Rand zone, Colin McCarthy. Part 4 Networks: cross-border trade in West Africa - the Gahan-Cote d'Ivoire frontier, Bruno Stary personal networks and trans-frontier trade - Zairean and Congolese migrants, Janet MacGaffey and Remy Bazenguissa the production and distribution of illicit drugs, Alain Labrousse.

The Economic Community of West African States was established in 1975 due to the leadership initiative of Nigeria and Togo as well as the cooperation of other Heads of State and Governments in the subregion. It was established within the framework of the consciousness of the need to develop a regional platform for cooperation and development. Since inception various institutions have been established, treaties and protocols have been signed and deadlines have been set for realising the objective conditions for which the subregional body was set up. Integration and regionalism in Africa have seen some twists and turns depending on the prevailing socio‐economic and ideological conditions both at the domestic and international environments. Various efforts have been made towards building regionalism in West Africa, especially within the context of neoliberal economic paradigm in which removal of barriers to market access and other factors of production is the main concern. Despite some successes, the effectiveness of the subregional body has been hampered through both domestic and external factors. News actors in form of private authority of indigenous multinational companies and other non‐state actors are emerging which could facilitate integration in the sub‐region in a more sublime and functional sense than the approach taken by political elites over the past 50 years. This paper discusses these new trends in integration within the theoretical prisms of networked political economy, private authority and regional identity. I also examine the institutional developments that have taken place since it was formed about 40 years ago.

Africa’s rapidly growing population is exerting a lot of pressure on agricultural resources including maize yields and harvest area. Across Africa, access to advanced options for increasing maize yields are inadequate. This is daunting as most of the cultivation of maize is in the hands of smallholder farmers who have inadequate access to modern methods of farming. This has resulted in an increase in dependency on harvest area to increase yields. However, it is still unclear how this maize-yield-harvest-area dynamic plays out across different regions of Africa. This study uses crop yield and harvest area time series data from FAOSTAT for the period 1961–2019. The data are analyzed using linear interpolation, the normalization technique, the rate of change, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination and regression analysis. The results show that maize yields and harvest area have increased by 71.35% and 60.12%, respectively across Africa. Regionally, West, Middle and East Africa witnessed a positive relationship between maize yields and harvest area while in North and Southern Africa, maize yields and harvest area have an inverse relationship. For example, in assessing the relationship between maize yield and harvest area in Africa, this work observes that North Africa has a correlation of −35% and an R2 of 12%, while Southern Africa has a correlation of −36% and R2 of 13%. On the other hand, West Africa has a correlation of 87% and an R2 of 76%, while Middle Africa recorded a correlation of 66% and an R2 of 42%. East Africa recorded a correlation of 76% and R2 of 61%. These results confirm that maize yield and harvest area have a positive relationship in West, Middle and East Africa and a negative relationship in North and Southern Africa. These results underscore the fact that in North and Southern Africa, maize production is less dependent on harvest area as is the case in the other regions of Africa. Such findings have implications for adaptation planning especially in sub-Saharan Africa where food insecurity is closely related to land and forest degradation.

<p><em>This article explores the concept of a religious state proposed by two Muslim leaders: Hasyim Asyari (1871-1947), an Indonesian Muslim leader and Muhammad Iqbal (1873-1938), an Indian Muslim leader. Both of them represented the early generation when the emerging revolution for the independence of Indonesia (1945) from the Dutch colonialism and India-Pakistan (1947) from the British Imperialism. In doing so, they argued that the religious state is compatible with the plural nation that has diverse cultures, faiths, and ethnicities. They also argued that Islam as religion should involve the establishment of a nation-state. But under certain circumstances, they changed their thinking. Hasyim changed his thought that Islam in Indonesia should not be dominated by a single religion and state ideology. Hasyim regarded religiosity in Indonesia as vital in nation-building within a multi-religious society. While Iqbal changed from Indian loyalist to Islamist loyalist after he studied and lived in the West. The desire of Iqbal to establish the own state for the Indian Muslims separated from Hindus was first promulgated in 1930 when he was a President of the Muslim League. Iqbal expressed the hope of seeing Punjab, the North West province, Sind and Balukhistan being one in a single state, having self-government outside the British empire. In particular, the two Muslim leaders used religious legitimacy to establish political identity. By using historical approach (intellectual history), the relationship between religion, state, and nationalism based on the thinking of the two Muslim leaders can be concluded that Hasyim Asyari more prioritizes Islam as the ethical value to build state ideology and nationalism otherwise Muhammad Iqbal tends to make Islam as the main principle in establishment of state ideology and nationalism.</em></p><em>Keywords: Hasyim Asyari, Muhammad Iqbal, religion, state, nationalism.</em>

The survey of enzyme polymorphism in West African pearl millet cultivars reported by Tostain et al. 1987 has been extended to include populations from other regions of Africa and from India. The eight enzyme systems studied included: alcohol dehydrogenase, β-esterase, catalase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and malate dehydrogenase. One-hundred-ninety-nine populations of millet were analyzed, including 74 populations studied earlier. No new enzyme diversity was observed. Intrapopulation diversity ranged from 70%-90% of the total diversity, depending on their regions of origin. Four principal groups were distinguished in the following decreasing order of diversity: early-maturing cultivars from West and East Africa, late - maturing cultivars from West and East Africa, cultivars from India, and cultivars from southern Africa. The early-maturing cultivars were distributed between two principal focal points from East Africa in the East to Mali in the West. In the center were found millets from Niger which were most diverse. Indian and southern African cultivars were distinct, with the former appearing relatively similar to those of Niger, and the latter somewhat similar to late-maturing cultivars from West Africa, a diverse group that included late-maturing cultivars from East Africa. Based on the results obtained, an evolutionary hypothesis proposed here includes: multiple domestications in the Sahel, creation of early-maturing cultivars and their migration eastwards to India plus a southwards migration to Sudanian zone, and creation of late-maturing cultivars and their migration simultaneously westwards, eastwards, and southwards to southern Africa.

Bi‐monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at an 8 km spatial resolution from the advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRR) was used from 1981 to 1995 to analyse the vegetation response to rainfall supply in semi‐arid regions of Africa. Within the 200–600 mm annual rainfall belt, for which the apparent NDVI response to rainfall was the strongest, three regions were selected which exhibited different patterns in their NDVI regimes and/or relationships with rainfall. The regions, located in western, southern and eastern Africa, were split into coherent sub‐regions in terms of mean regime of photosynthetic activity through a cluster analysis. Overall, intra‐regional differences were found to be of relatively minor importance compared with inter‐regional differences. The mean annual rain‐use efficiency (RUEa) was the highest in southern Africa, followed by that in eastern Africa, and it was the lowest in western Africa. In eastern Africa, a distinctive feature was found which consisted of the dissimilar vegetation response to the two rainy seasons. For a given rainfall amount, the NDVI peak was comparatively higher for the short versus the long rains. Then, in all three regions, the correlation between rainfall and NDVI regimes was found to be significantly high. Moreover, the lag between the rainfall and NDVI peaks, which was found to be the smallest in western Africa (1 month), and the highest in southern Africa (over 1.5 month), was determined to be related to the increased rainfall rate before the peak. In view of these results, it is shown that the dominant cause for the inter‐regional discrepancies, at the spatial and temporal scales considered, is the structure of the rainy season (distribution, concentration) more than the potential evapotranspiration, vegetation cover or soil type.

BackgroundSubclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the dairy industry. The SCM does not cause visible changes in the udder or physical changes of the milk as compared to clinical mastitis, and a clear overview of the prevalence and risk factors in the different regions of Africa is still lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SCM and assess the associated risk factors and dominant bacterial pathogens among cattle in Africa.Materials and methodsWe gathered and systematically reviewed literature concerning SCM, published in English from January 2010 through December 2020 in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science), and meta-analysis was conducted using the ‘meta’ and ‘metafor’ packages in the R statistical software.ResultsA total of 258 studies were retrieved and at the end of the screening, 82 full-texts were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of SCM was reported in 11 countries in five regions of Africa, and the random-effects model showed that the weighted pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) was 48.2% (95% CI: 43.6–52.8%). Heterogeneity was high and statistically significant as I2 (proportion of observed variation) was 98.1% (95% CI: 98.0-98.3%), τ2 (true between-study variance) was 0.0433 (95% CI: 0.0322–0.0611), and the Cochran Q statistic was 4362.8 (p < 0.0001). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that East Africa had significantly (p = 0.0092) the highest PPE of SCM (67.7%, 95% CI: 55.7–78.7) followed by West Africa (50.5%, 95%CI: 31.4–69.5), and the lowest was in North Africa (40.3%, 95%: 32.2–48.6). Other significant moderators for SCM were age (p < 0.0001), breed (p = 0.0002), lactation stage (p = 0.019) and parity (p = 0.0008) of cattle. Staphylococcus species (prevalence 43.7%) were the most predominant pathogens, followed by Streptococcus (18.2%) and Escherichia species (9.5%).ConclusionThe present study showed a high variation of SCM prevalence in various parts of Africa, although there is a need for more data in some regions. The reported prevalence is a clear sign of inappropriate management practices among cattle herds and an indicator of the threat that SCM poses to the dairy industry. The information about the predisposing factors may guide effective management and control strategies to reduce transmission of the disease.