Abstract
This study emphasizes the vision of a green, renewable and sustainable integrated route for the catalyst synthesis process and to transform fruit and kitchen wastes into fuel. The alkali and alkaline earth metal-rich biochar, a by-product obtained from banana peel thermochemical conversion (pyrolysis), was calcined and utilized as a catalyst for converting soybean waste cooking oil (SWCO) to biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized catalyst showed a high catalytic activity due to the abundance of potassium in oxide and carbonate form. Under the optimized condition: Catalyst loading of 1.5 wt%, time of 2 h, the temperature of 60 °C, and at 9:1 methanol to oil ratio, the conversion of SWCO to biodiesel was 98.0% with BPBC (Banana peel pyrolyzed calcined biochar catalyst). The integrated catalyst synthesizing method helped to transform the fruit waste to biochar and bio-oil, which have the property of fuel and platform chemicals. Additionally, as the catalyst was synthesized from biomass, it is more eco-friendly, recyclable, and sustainable.
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