Abstract
In this work, we proposed a new data acquisition approach that significantly improves the repetition rates of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) experiments, where high-end echelle spectrometers and intensified detectors are commonly used. The moderate repetition rates of recent LIBS systems are caused by the utilization of intensified detectors and their slow full frame (i.e. echellogram) readout speeds with consequent necessity for echellogram-to-1D spectrum conversion (intensity vs. wavelength). Therefore, we investigated a new methodology where only the most effective pixels of the echellogram were selected and directly used in the LIBS experiments. Such data processing resulted in significant variable down-selection (more than four orders of magnitude). Samples of 50 sedimentary ores samples (distributed in 13 ore types) were analyzed by LIBS system and then classified by linear and non-linear Multivariate Data Analysis algorithms. The utilization of selected pixels from an echellogram yielded increased classification accuracy compared to the utilization of common 1D spectra.
Highlights
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)[1,2,3,4] is gaining a position among other analytical techniques based on its advantages such as instrumental simplicity, robustness, and the capability of real-time analysis of a broad range of elements, even in in situ and stand-off modes
Prior to the Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA) clustering of samples, the 1D spectra and echellograms were inspected in detail as is common in a standard LIBS experiment
The use of an echellogram is rather unconventional for the analysis of LIBS data, and more lines were assigned
Summary
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)[1,2,3,4] is gaining a position among other analytical techniques based on its advantages such as instrumental simplicity, robustness, and the capability of real-time analysis of a broad range of elements, even in in situ and stand-off modes. LIBS could profit from the high fps and from the possibility of direct readout of single pixels This implies that the sCMOS detectors could equalize the repetition rate of high-rate laser sources. This essential feature directly arises from the sCMOS technology itself, when detection is limited to sub-windows (so called regions of interest) and readout may reach hundreds of fps[16, 17]. This manuscript proposes and advocates a methodology enabling high-repetition-rate LIBS analysis. The issue of multivariate classification of LIP spectra has recently gained particular attention in the LIBS community[4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 20]
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